Human Microbiome
The largest and most diverse community, primarily dominated by Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes.
What is Gut Microbiome?
phages carry their own enzymes to "mask" their DNA with the chemical tags the host uses.
What is epigenetic mimicry / methyltransferase?
A unique prokaryotic mode where energy is harvested from inorganic molecules like ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, or iron.
What is chemolithotrophy?
This universal, 10-step anaerobic process occurs in the cell's cytoplasm and splits one 6-carbon glucose molecule into two 3-carbon pyruvate molecules.
What is glycolysis?
Complexes of DNA wrapped around histone proteins.
What is nucleosomes?
Used by gut microbes to communicate with the brain.
What is Vagus nerve?
The first FDA-approved recombinant drug.
What is Insulin?
Cells that can obtain carbon from gaseous carbon dioxide.
What is autotrophs?
The oxidation of pyruvate to form acetyl-CoA following glycolysis.
What is Bridge step?
DNA molecules found outside of the main bacterial chromosome not essential for survival.
What is plasmid?
The primary energy source for colon cells that has anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer propertites.
What is SCFAs? (Butyrate, Propionate, Acetate)
Biodegradable plastics produced by some engineered bacteria under controlled fermentation conditions.
What is Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs)?
Substate is FULLY oxidized using other substances (ie nitrate & sulfate) INSTEAD of oxygen.
What is anaerobic respiration?
Receptors that interact with indoles produced by microbial tryptophan metabolism to distinguish "friend from foe."
What is Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor (Ahr)?
(Slide 39)
The complex of miRNA-RISC attaches to mRNA and prevents protein production.
What is gene silencing?
The precursor needed to make serotonin.
What is Tryptophan?
The CRISPR-Cas9 complex cleaves a specific site dictated by a synthesized guide RNA, and erroneous DNA repair renders the gene non-functional.
What is gene knock-out?
"Building" reactions that require energy and are often coupled with ATP hydrolysis.
What is endergonic reactions?
A key regulatory enzyme in the citric acid cycle.
What is isocitrate dehydrogenase / a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase?
A regulatory control site located between the promoter and the genes. Regulatory proteins bind here to turn the operon on or off.
What is operator?
Can successfully treat infections but may cause unintended long-term consequences, such as transferring microbes that alter the recipient’s metabolism or behavior.
What is Fecal Microbiota Transplants (FMT)?
What is restriction enzymes?
The final product of a pathway turns off the first enzyme in that pathway.
What is feedback inhibition?
*SPECIAl PROMPT*
List the products of glycolysis (per 1 glucose) and the kreb cycle (per 1 acetyl-CoA).
100 Points per correct answer:
Glycolysis: 2 pyruvate, 4 ATP (total), 2 ATP (net), 2 NADH.
Krebs: 2 CO2, 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1 ATP OR 1 GTP
Very small, non-coding RNA that can regulate gene expression after transcription.
What is MicroRNA (miRNA)?