Anatomy
Where are microvilli of the intestines located?
Bonus: what is the function of microvilli?
Bonus: The function is to increase the absorptive surface of the intestine
What is the name of the mesentery connecting duodenum to descending colon?
Duodenocolic fold
what specialized cells in the intestinal epithelium are primarily responsible for antigen transport?
M cell
Based on its pathophysiology of enteroinvasion, what type of diarrhea is primarily associated with salmonellosis?
Malabsorptive
What gene encodes the protein most directly responsible for reduced splenic size in horses following administration of phenylephrine?
Alpha-1 adrenergic receptor gene
What type of vaccine is most likely to be effective in stimulating a GI mucosal immune response against enteric Salmonella typhimurium infection?
Intranasal mutant (nonpathogenic) live S. typhimurium
What are Haustrae?
Haustrae are small pouches caused by sacculation, which give the colon its segmented appearance.
The cecum and ascending colon have bands of smooth muscle (teniae) which cause these organs to form pouches called haustrae
What anatomical landmark marks the change from the jejunum to the ileum?
The Ileocaecal Fold
What molecules are expressed on the surface of antigen-presenting cells such as dendritic cells and macrophages and function in the adaptive immune response?
MHC II
Where is the primary histopathologic intestinal lesion in Salmonella spp. infection localized?
submucosal blood vessels
What is the effect of the phenylephrine on systemic blood pressure if given systemically to a patient?
increases blood pressure
Name a couple characteristics of Salmonella
Gram-negative rod, flagellated, lactose non-fermenter, sulfide producer. usually motile
What segment of the gastrointestinal tract can NOT be palpated during rectal palpation in a horse?
What are the three different sections of the cecum?
The base, body and apex
For an amino acid to enter the apical side of enterocytes, it requires the action of a cotransporter that brings in the amino acid with ____.
Sodium
Where are parathyroid nodules primarily found in cases of Salmonella spp. infection?
Liver
How do you classify the antimicrobial killing effect of gentamicin?
Penetrates the intestinal wall, reaches the liver, then the lungs, is swallowed and then returns to the small intestine.
postoperatively, after inguinal hernial repair, a gut segment herniates outside the horses abdomen. There are two rows of haustrae and two teniae in the gut segment. Which intestinal segment is this?
Descending colon
What is Zac Efron's number according to Pep?
444-1322
Overall net digestive potassium absorption is in the ____ and secretion in the ____.
Small intestine; colon
What term describes a type of host where the infectious agent normally lives multiplies and thus maintains itself in nature?
Reservoir Host
Consider a mutation that alters the pharmacological mechanism of action associated with a drug, that type of phenotype would this mutation cause?
Pharmacodynamic phenotype
What substance is more abundant in the large colon of a horse compared to a dog?
Volatile fatty acids
What is the name of the flexure separating the duodenum from the jejunum?
The duodenojejunal flexure
Which intestinal segment is not attached firmly to the dorsal body wall in the horse?
Left dorsal colon
What are the two major physiological functions of the equine colon?
Absorption of water and microbial digestion
What process is often associated with widespread (generalized) petechial hemmorrhage?
DIC
Which pharmacodynamic property would be most helpful in limiting the adverse effects of adrenergic agonists?
A. Efficacy
B. Half life
C. Potency
D. Selectivity
D. Selectivity
Name some behaviors in horses that are signs of visceral pain
Pawing, Flank watching, rolling and sweating