The Structure of Soap
Creation Process of Soap
The Basics of Saponification
Hard Vs Soft
Soap
History of
Soap
100

What are the functional groups making up soap?

Ester and Carboxylic acid 

100

What is the name of the chemical reaction that occurs in saponification

Hydrolysis 

100
What is the basic equation of saponification

Triglyceride + Strong Base (NaOH or KOH) → Glycerol + Soap (fatty acid salt)

100

Which has a higher melting point (Hard or soft soap)

Hard

100

Where do the earliest forms of soap come from and when?

Babylon, 2200 B.C

200

What type of bonding occurs in saponification

Esters

200

Name step one of basic ester hydrolysis

Nucleophilic Attack: The hydroxide ion attacks the carbonyl carbon of the ester.

200

What is the definition of Saponification?

Saponification is the chemical process in which soap is created

200

Which has stronger intermolecular forces- hard or soft soap?

Hard

200

What did the Romans do in the 18th century to make soap

treating fats like lard or tallow with alkali in open vats, heating the mixture

300

What is the overall reaction for one group of esters

RCOOR’+OH−→RCOO−+R’OH

300

Name the second step in basic ester hydrolysis

Tetrahedral intermediate is formed.

300

What type of energy reaction occurs when making soap?

Exothermic 

300

What do you need to make soft soap?

You can use potassium hydroxide (KOH) to react with the triglyceride.

300

Whats the differences between making soap now and in the past

Various ingredients and techniques to create a wide range of soap products, including those with unique fragrances, colors, and textures. 

400

What elements make up soap (The one in the diagram)

Carbon, oxygen, and sodium

400

Name step three in basic ester hydrolysis

Leaving group departure: The -OR group (from the ester) leaves.

400

What can speed up the process of saponification?

Increased temperature (adding hot water)

400

What is Micelle formation?

In water, soap molecules arrange into micelles, trapping grease/oil in the nonpolar core and washing it away.

400

When did we see the development of the cold process 

The 18th century

500

Overall reaction (In the case of a triglyceride) 

C3H5(OOC-R)3+3NaOH→C3H5(OH)3+3RCOONa

500

Name step four in basic ester hydrolysis

Acid/base reactions: The carboxylic acid intermediate deprotonates to form the carboxylate (soap).

500

What is the more complex definition of Saponification? 

It is the base-catalyzed hydrolysis of esters, typically triglycerides, into glycerol and soap

500

What part of soap is hydrophobic and hydrophilic?

Long nonpolar hydrocarbon tail (hydrophobic) and polar carboxylate head (hydrophilic).

500

What is the recipe they used in 2200 BC

Soap made from water, alkali, and cassia oil