SBI3U1 - Human Systems Review

Intro to Biological Systems

100

Order the following biological components from most complex to least complex: organism, cells, organ systems, tissues, organs

organism, organ systems, organs, tissues, cells

200

Which anatomical plane divides the human body into the anterior (front) and posterior (back) halves?

frontal / coronal plane

300

If 'anterior' refers to the fetal pigs front, and 'posterior' refers to the back, which term would refer to the side view of the fetal pig?

lateral 

400

Describe the terms distal and proximal 

distal = farther from the point of attachment

proximal = closer to the point of attachment 

500

Describe how human body systems work together to maintain homeostasis

Homeostasis is the self-regulating process by which an organism and the various organ systems maintain stability by adapting to changing conditions. 

Examples: regulating pH and internal temperature 

Digestive System

100

describe 2 different ways our digestive system conducts mechanical digestion

mouth- mastication (chewing)

stomach - churning 

200

describe the difference between digestive tract organs and accessory organs, and list 2 examples of each

digestive tract organs: food moves through these organs (esophagus and stomach)

accessory organs: assist in the process of digestion but food does not move through (liver, pancreas, gallbladder) 

300

The hepatic portal system is a specialized venous network that delivers absorbed materials to the liver for processing before entering the systemic circulation. Which blood vessel carries the absorbed materials from the small intestine to the liver?

Hepatic portal vein 

400

If a person's bile production is reduced, what problem might they experience?

difficulty digesting fats (lipids)

500

List 3 enzymes that are released by the pancreas to act in the small intestine for digestion

1) bicarbonate (reduces pH)

2) proteases (breaks proteins into polypeptides or smaller peptides)

3) amylase (breaks starches into dissaccharides)

4) lipase (breaks lipids into micelles)

Circulatory System

100

what are the 3 functions of the circulatory system

transporting gases, regulating internal temperature, protection/immunity

200

what structure of the heart is commonly referred to as the pacemaker? 

Sinoatrial (SA) node

300

list the 4 components of blood and provide a brief description of each of their functions

plasma - dissolve and transport substances 

erythrocytes (RBC's) - oxygen (and other gas) transport

leukocytes (WBC's) - fight pathogens and prevent infection 

thrombocytes (platelets) - clotting of blood 

400

which blood vessel carries oxygenated blood from the lungs back to the heart?

pulmonary vein

500

describe the process of blood coagulation

1) blood vessels vasoconstrict around wound (reducing blood flow) 

2) platelets stick to exposed collagen fibers

3) platelets release chemicals (clotting factors) to form a platelet plug

4) clotting factors trigger formation of fibrin protein

5) fibrin acts as a mesh net, forming a strong patch 

6) vessel heals and patch dries, forming a scab

Respiratory System

100

what are the 2 organs/structures in the upper respiratory tract?

nose/mouth & pharynx 

200

what organ is often referred to as the voicebox, and functions to act as a passageway and produce sound 

larynx

300

list the pathway of breathing (identifying the main structures/organs)

1. nose/mouth, 2. pharynx, 3. larynx, 4. trachea, 5. lungs, 6. bronchial tree (bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles, alveolar sac), 7. alveoli

400

list the 4 lung volumes involved in the spirograph 

tidal volume (TV), inspiratory reserve volume (IRV), expiratory reserve volume (ERV), and residual volume (RV)

500

Summarize the process of inspiration (noting the 2 principles of breathing and how the muscles of breathing move)

muscles contract, resulting in the diaphragm moving down and the intercostal muscles (ribcage) moving up and out, creating more space in the thoracic cavity (lungs)

this increased volume results in a decrease of pressure

air flows from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure, moving into the lungs

Disorders & Diseases

100

List the 4 main types of cardiovascular (CV) disease.

athero/ateriosclerosis, stroke, myocardial infarction (heart attack), and hypertension (high blood pressure)

200

What is the main cause of a myocardial infarction (heart attack)?

blocked blood flow (blood clot) to the heart muscle 

300

List 2 common treatments of respiratory diseases such as asthma or COPD

1) rescue inhalers 2) long-acting inhalers 3)oral steroids 

400

What is the main cause or description of asthma?

airways narrow and swell (become inflammed), and produce extra mucous which increases the difficulty of breathing

500

Describe the difference between atherosclerosis and arteriosclerosis 

atherosclerosis: narrowing of arteries due to plaque build up

arteriosclerosis: more advanced stage resulting in hardening of artery walls, increased BP and higher risk of blood clots