Biochemistry
Which macromolecule(s) contain nitrogen?
Proteins and nucleic acids
Why is the inner mitochondrial membrane folded?
The process of RuBP binding to oxygen instead of CO2 is called...
Photorespiration
Which enzyme removes RNA primers?
DNA Polymerase I
Hormone that results in lower urine volume output.
ADH
How does alpha glucose differ from beta glucose? (be specific)
Different orientation of the OH on C1
The purpose of anaerobic respiration when there is no/low oxygen present
Regenerate NAD+
What is the PRIMARY product in the Calvin cycle?
G3P
What technology is used to amplify DNA sequences?
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
Primary role of the loop of Henle
Solute and water reabsorption
Multipart question:
What are the monomers of the four classes of macromolecules?
What elements are present in each?
Carbs: monosaccharides, lipids: glycerol+fatty acids, proteins: amino acids, nucleic acids: nucleotides
Carbs and lipids: CHO, Proteins: CHON(S), Nucleic acids: CHONP
Fatty acids are released into the bloodstrean and oxidized into Acetyl-CoA through
Beta-oxidation
How are C4 and CAM different?
C4 separates carbon fixation spatially, CAM separates temporally
Give two reasons why bacteria don't have pre-mRNA
All genes are important (no introns), translation happens straight away (no nucleus)
Main role of the voltage gated sodium channels during nerve impulse generation.
Allows sodium to enter cell to further depolarize
Name four components of the lipid bilayer
Phospholipid, glycoprotein, glycolipid, cholesterol, peripheral protein, integral protein, cholesterol
This biochemical scenario results in an unchanged Km, a reduced Vmax, and cannot be overcome by increasing substrate concentration because the inhibitor alters enzyme activity without blocking the active site.
Non-competitive inhibition
This enzyme limits the rate of carbon fixation and can act as either a carboxylase or an oxygenase depending on the relative concentrations of CO₂ and O₂.
Rubisco
Transcription begins when the _____ binds to the _____.
RNA polymerase ; promoter region
When this organ detects decreased oxygen levels in the blood, it triggers a cascade involving erythropoietin secretion, bone marrow stimulation, and increased red blood cell production, while also indirectly affecting cardiac output and blood viscosity to maintain oxygen homeostasis.
The kidney
This biochemical scenario results in an unchanged Km, a reduced Vmax, and cannot be overcome by increasing substrate concentration because the inhibitor alters enzyme activity without blocking the active site.
Non-competitive inhibition
How do animals at the bottom of the ocean do cellular respiration?
Use a different electron acceptro (instead of oxygen)
Explain why increasing atmospheric CO₂ would have a greater positive effect on C₃ plants than on C₄ plants, specifically referencing RuBisCO’s dual activity and energy trade-offs.
C4: increasing CO2 results in plateau (need to wait for PEP to be regenerated)
C3: higher CO2 concentration means less chances of rubisco binding to O2, increased carbon fixation
This molecular mechanism allows a single eukaryotic gene to produce multiple polypeptides by selectively including or excluding exons during mRNA processing, greatly increasing proteomic diversity without increasing genome size.
Alternative splicing
One person drinks gatorade and another drinks coffee. What would be the difference in urine output and why?
Coffee: diuretic (more urine output)
Gatorade: electrolytes (less urine output)