Cool for School
This term refers to the cognitive and social-emotional skills that enable adaptation to the demands of school.
What is school readiness?
This classic experiment assessed children’s ability to delay gratification by waiting for a larger reward, originally linked to later achievement and self-regulation.
What is the Marshmallow Test?
This foundational skill underpins school adjustment, learning to read, and social interaction—without it, children struggle to follow instructions, express themselves, and engage with peers.
What is oral language?
This concept refers to the ways in which parents pass on both genes and environments that shape children’s literacy outcomes.
What is intergenerational transmission?
This theory suggests teachers can act as a ‘secure base’ and ‘safe haven,’ much like attachment figures, supporting children’s exploration and adjustment.
What is attachment theory?
This term refers to the practice of separating students into different school types or programs based on perceived academic abilities.
What is tracking?
This concept refers to teachers’ internal working models—their feelings, ideas, and expectations about a relationship—which shape future interactions with students.
What are mental representations?
This positive peer status predicts better academic achievement and adjustment in school.
What is peer acceptance?
This many open questions will appear on the written exam.
What is 7 or 8?
This model situates a child’s development within multiple systems—microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, and chronosystem.
What is Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological systems theory?
This type of quality in early childhood education refers to children’s day-to-day experiences—interactions with teachers, peers, and activities—seen as the proximal determinants of development.
What is process quality?
This developmental disorder is defined by persistent problems with language that significantly impact daily life and learning, occurring without other biomedical conditions.
What is Developmental Language Disorder (DLD)?
This term refers to the interactions, practices, and resources in the home that expose children to print and literacy experiences, such as shared reading or having books at home.
What is the home literacy environment (HLE)?
This motivational framework highlights the role of teacher support for involvement, autonomy, and structure in meeting students’ basic needs for competence, autonomy, and relatedness.
What is self-determination theory?
This explanation for tracking sees it as a way to optimize learning by grouping students with similar abilities.
What is the rational-functional perspective?
These three types of practices—proactive, reactive, and teaching content—are commonly identified as elements that make interventions to improve student–teacher relationships effective.
What are effective intervention elements?
This negative peer status is strongly associated with aggressive behavior, including overt and relational forms.
What is peer rejection?
This is the minimum grade you need on both the presentation and the exam to pass the course.
What is 5.5?
This concept describes how children who start school behind their peers rarely catch up, with early differences in skills widening over time.
What is the readiness gap?
This prevention approach aims to reduce educational inequality by providing structured learning opportunities for children before they start school, especially those from disadvantaged backgrounds.
What is early childhood education and care (ECEC)?
This key literacy outcome depends on both word-level decoding and linguistic comprehension, and is critical for success once children transition from ‘learning to read’ to ‘reading to learn.’
What is reading comprehension?
This term describes neighborhoods where children have little or no access to books, limiting their opportunities for literacy development.
What are book deserts?
These three dimensions describe the quality of teacher–student relationships: warm and open interactions, discordant interactions, and over-reliance on the teacher.
What are closeness, conflict, and dependency?
Comparative research uses these three indicators to measure how tracked an education system is: the age of first selection, the number of tracks available at age 15, and the proportion of curriculum tracked.
What are tracking indicators?
This psychological theory explains why interventions that build autonomy, competence, and relatedness can strengthen student–teacher relationships and engagement.
What is self-determination theory?
This concept refers to the tendency to see others’ motives as hostile or untrustworthy, leading to negative emotions, low resilience, and poor peer relationships.
What is social mistrust?
This study strategy is emphasized as the key to success when preparing for the exam.
What is repetition?
This meta-analysis showed that early math skills are the strongest predictor of later achievement, followed by reading, attention, and socioemotional skills with little effect.
Who is Duncan et al. (2007)?
This international review showed that early childhood education and care programs consistently improve cognitive outcomes (literacy, math, vocabulary), reduce grade retention, and increase graduation rates—especially for disadvantaged children.
Who is Burger (2010)?
This review showed that children from low-SES and language minority homes often start school with vocabulary and grammar gaps that predict later achievement differences.
Who is Hoff (2013)?
This Dutch study found that once parental reading fluency was considered, most home literacy environment effects disappeared—except for the number of books in the home, which predicted children’s reading even after accounting for parental skills.
Who is van Bergen et al. (2016)?
This meta-analysis of 99 studies found that positive TSRs were linked to higher engagement and achievement, while negative TSRs were linked to lower engagement and achievement, with effects especially strong for at-risk students.
Who is Roorda et al. (2011)?
This study of 30 countries using PISA 2000 data showed that social class inequalities in achievement are strongest in highly tracked systems, with cultural capital explaining more of the gap than material resources.
Who is Marks (2005)?
This meta-analysis of universal Tier 1 programs found small-to-moderate positive effects on student–teacher relationships, with Establish-Maintain-Restore and BRIDGE producing the strongest outcomes.
Who is Kincade & Cook (2021)?
This review showed that schools actively shape peer relations: homogeneity fosters exclusion and prejudice, while heterogeneity and cooperative practices promote inclusion.
Who is Juvonen (2018)?
During the exam, you should start by doing this with every question before you begin writing.
What is read the question carefully?
This study demonstrated that children’s behavioral self-regulation—working memory, inhibitory control, and attention—predicts academic success in the transition to school.
Who is Morrison, Ponitz, & McClelland (2010)?
This Dutch study found that traditional structural indicators like group size and child–teacher ratios had little effect on classroom quality, but professional development and use of structured education programs predicted higher emotional and educational quality.
Who is Slot et al. (2015)?
This randomized controlled trial found that bibliotherapeutic book clubs improved adolescents’ recreational reading attitudes, reading comprehension, and social–emotional competencies in low-SES schools.
Who is Tijms et al. (2018)?
This Filipino study showed that parental education, home literacy activities, and parents’ word reading skills each uniquely predicted children’s oral language and print knowledge—even in print-poor homes.
Who is Dulay et al. (2019)?
This cross-cultural study showed that Chinese students reported more closeness and less conflict with teachers than Dutch students, reflecting cultural differences between collectivist and individualist societies.
Who is Chen et al. (2019)?
This comparative review concluded that differentiation (tracking) magnifies inequality in both dispersion and opportunity, while standardization reduces it—highlighting a trade-off between equality and efficiency.
Who are Van de Werfhorst & Mijs (2010)?
This quasi-experimental study tested LLInC (Teacher–Student Interaction Coaching) and found increases in closeness, decreases in conflict, and improved teacher self-efficacy for emotional support and behavior management.
Who is Bosman et al. (2021)?
This Dutch field experiment found that seating disliked classmates closer together increased likeability and reduced victimization, though it also led to more relational aggression.
Who is van den Berg et al. (2012)?
These two forms of ID must be brought with you to the exam
What are your student card and passport (or driver’s license)?