Metabolism and chemical reactions
What is metabolism?
All the chemical reactions in your body.
What makes a molecule organic?
If it has carbon
What are the 4 macromolecules?
Carbohydrates, Lipids, Protein, and Nucleic Acids
What are some differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
prokaryotic cells: smaller, simple in structure, no membrane-bound organelles, no nucleus, unicellular
eukaryotic cells: larger, more complex, organelles, nucleus w/ DNA, multicellular
Why do cells divide? (3 reasons)
embryonic development, cell replacement, and wound healing
What is the role of enzymes in reactions?
Enzymes reduce the activation energy, making reactions occur faster.
Describe the difference between a polymer and monomer
polymer: a long string of molecules
monomer: is a small molecule that can be joined to form a more complex molecule
Describe the monomers of each macromolecule
Carbohydrates: monosaccharides (simple sugar)
Lipids: glycerol, 3 fatty acid
Proteins: amino acids
Nucleic Acids: nucleotide
What is the function of the plasma membrane?
It is "gatekeeper" and chooses what to allow into cell (selective permeability)
What are the characteristics of stem cells and where do they come from?
ES cells are unspecialized with no particular function and they come from embryos.
Describe the difference between catabolic and anabolic reactions.
Catabolic reactions: breaking large molecules into smaller molecules
Anabolic reactions: combining smaller molecules into larger molecules
Describe the difference between dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis
Dehydration synthesis: water is removed to build larger molecules
Hydrolysis: water is added to break apart a large molecule into smaller molecules.
What are the 3 different types of fats? Which is healthiest?
Saturated, unsaturated, and trans fat. Unsaturated fat is healthiest.
How does penicillin kill prokaryotic cells but not eukaryotic cells?
Penicillin targets the cell wall of cells which only prokaryotic cells have.
What is the difference between proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes?
Proto-oncogenes: stimulate cell division (gain of function)
tumor suppressor genes: inhibit cell division (loss of function)
Why do we need vitamins and minerals?
They are structural elements and cofactors that allow enzymes to function.
What type of energy is found in organic molecules?
Chemical energy (cellular energy is ATP in cells)
What is cholesterol? Which cholesterol is good and which is bad?
Cholesterol is a steroid which is a type of fat. LDL is bad cholesterol, HDL good cholesterol
What is the function of the ribosomes?
They perform protein synthesis
What is angiogenesis and metastasis?
Angiogenesis: formation of new blood vessels
Metastasis: development of secondary tumors away from primary site of cancer
In chemical reactions is matter created or destroyed?
Neither, bonds are broken, new bonds are formed, and atoms are rearranged.
What is hydrogenation and what does it do?
When hydrogen atoms are added to an unsaturated fat to break the double bond. Increases shelf life, make items more solid
Name the functions of each macromolecule.
Carbohydrates: energy
Lipids: energy
Proteins: structural, transport, storage, movement, enzymes, defense, communication
Nucleic Acids: store genetic information
Describe the pathway of a secretory protein.
Instructions from DNA are copied onto mRNA, mRNA moves to the ribosome, ribosome moved to ER and reads instructions, the amino acid chain grows from the ribosome and folded into a protein, protein is sorted and processed in Golgi, protein moved to the plasma membrane for export.
What are the steps in the cell cycle?
Interphase (G1, S, G2), Mitosis, Cytokinesis