Cells and DNA
Asexual Reproduction
Mitosis
Sexual Reproduction
Meiosis
Mutations
100
What are cells made up of?
Organelles
100
True or False: Asexual Reproduction produces offspring that are an exact genetic copy of the parent
True
100
What are the 4 phases of mitosis?
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
100
What are reproductive cells of an animal or plant cell called?
Gamete
100
What type of cells does meiosis produce?
Reproductive Cells
100
What is the base pair for Guanine in DNA?
Cytosine
200
Where in the cell is DNA held and protected?
Nucleus
200
What are the 5 types of asexual reproduction?
Binary fission, budding, fragmentation, vegetative reproduction, spore formation
200
What is the longest phase of the cell cycle?
Interphase
200
What are the 3 phases of sexual reproduction?
Mating, Fertilization and Development
200
How many phases are in meiosis?
8 (PMAT1, PMAT2)
200
What is a gene mutation?
A change in order of nucleotide bases that make up the gene
300
Name 2 differences between plant and animal cells
Plant cells have:
1. chloroplasts
2. cell wall
3. large vacuoles
300
Give an example of an organism that reproduces through budding
ex. Hydra
300
In what phase do the sister chromatids separate at their centromeres and move toward opposite ends of the cell?
Anaphase
300
How many chromosomes are in a zygote?
Diploid (2n)
Half points: 46
300
In what phase do homologous chromosomes cross over?
Prophase I
300
What is the word for "causes of mutations"?
Mutagens
400
What is the structure of DNA?
Double Helix
400
Name one advantage and one disadvantage of asexual reproduction
400
What structures release long, stiff fibers called microtubules?
Centrioles
400
What is external fertilization? Name one organism who it is common in.
Egg and sperm meet outside the bodies of the parents
ex. Salmon, Sea Urchins
400
What phase is shown below?
Telophase I
400
What is a neutral mutation? Give one example
When a gene mutation has no effect on the individual.
ex. Kermode Bears with white coats
500
What organelle makes proteins in the cell?
Ribosomes
500
Why is a negative gene mutation especially bad for asexually reproducing organisms?
Since all offspring are genetic clones, then this mutation will leave ALL the offspring of the mutated organism susceptible to disease and the negative effects of that mutation
500
What are the microtubules that split the cell apart during cell division made of?
Tubulin
500
What are 2 requirements for embryonic development?
Enough nutrients
Temperature must be warm enough so proteins and enzymes will function properly
Sufficient moisture so embryo doesn’t dry out
Protected from predators and environmental factors (ex. UV radiation)
500
What 3 events lead to Genetic Diversity from Meiosis?
Crossing Over
Independent Assortment in Metaphase I
Independent Assortment in Metaphase II
500
How does gene therapy work?
A virus is engineered to carry a normal gene
The virus must somehow be targeted to the cells with the defective gene
The normal gene must then replace the defective gene
The normal gene must then be “switched on” so that the replacement normal gene produces the proper healthy proteins. It is also important that the normal gene make the correct amount of healthy protein.