Cell Cycle
Checkpoints
Cancer Cells
Viruses
Vaccines
100
What does the G1 phase accomplish?
The cell grows, makes nutrients
100
What does the first checkpoint check for?
This checkpoint checks to see if the cell is big enough to move on to the S phase
100
What does hereditary mean?
passed on from your biological parents
100
What are 2 example of a viruses?
Bacteriophage, Covid, Chickenpox, smallpox, rubella, mono
100
What is a vaccine?
A synthetic substitute of a pathogen that triggers an immune response from the receiver of the vaccine.
200
What does the S phase accomplish?
The cell synthesizes DNA and copies enough for the upcoming daughter cell
200
What does the second checkpoint check for?
This checkpoint checks to see if the cell has coded DNA correctly in order to move on to the G2 phase
200
What is a carcinogen? Provide 2 examples.
substance capable of causing cancer by mutating DNA
Sunlight, Alcohol, Tobacco, Asbestos
200
What is a virus?
an infective agent that typically consists of a nucleic acid molecule in a protein coat and is able to multiply only within the living cells of a host.
200
What are 3 examples of viruses
Smallpox, Chickenpox, Influenza, Rubella, Covid
300
What does the G2 phase accomplish?
Checks to see if Mitosis is going smoothly
300
What does the third checkpoint check for?
This checkpoint checks to see if mitosis was completed and that everything is in order
300
What is a mutation? What does mutated DNA look like?
a change in the DNA sequence
300
What is the Lytic cycle?
The lytic cycle is a method of viral reproduction that results in the destruction of the infected cell and its membrane.
300
What is chickenpox like during its lytic cycle? What about lysogenic?
In its lytic cycle chickenpox is characterized by its red pox all over the body, a high fever, and sore throat. After the lytic cycle passes, the disease enters a dormant state. The lysogenic cycle encodes the viral DNA into your cells, which can reenter the lytic phase in times of old age and stress. The result is shingles, a painful rash.
400
What phase of the Cell Cycle includes G0, G1, S, and G2?
Interphase
400
If everything goes wrong and all solutions fail, what happens to the cell?
Apoptosis = programmed cell death
400
How does a healthy cell turn into a cancer cell?
For some cancers, carcinogens in our environment cause mutations in our DNA. These mutations inactivate the cell's checkpoints and lead to the replication of unhealthy cancer cells.
400
What is the lysogenic cycle?
a method by which a virus can replicate its DNA using a host cell
400
Edward Jenner. Who dat?
Scientist who created the vaccine for smallpox. He used cowpox to inoculate an 8-year-old boy who became immune to smallpox.
500
What are the 4 phases of Mitosis?
Prophase, Anaphase, Metaphase, Telophase
500
What corrective measures does the cell take for each checkpoint if the cell fails to pass them? G1, G2, M
G1: The cell returns to G0
G2: The DNA is repaired by enzymes so that it is correct
M: Mitosis is paused, allowing more time for the division process
500
What are 3 ways cancer cells are different from healthy cells?
1) They do not stop replicating
2) They do not have apoptosis, they never die unless they are killed
3) They are bigger and have uneven borders and shapes
500
What are the 2 ways a virus can enter a cell?
1) by injecting its DNA into the cell in order to "hijack" the cells function. Result is the making of DNA or "parts" or the virus.
2) by disguising itself as a friendly particle. The virus does this by matching its outer receptors to the outer receptors of the cell
500
What is Herd Immunity?
resistance to the spread of an infectious disease within a population that is based on pre-existing immunity of a high proportion of individuals as a result of previous infection or vaccination.