This is the layer in Earth's interior that is between the crust and the outer core. It is 2,900 km thick and contains two zones in its upper part - the bottom of the lithosphere and the asthenosphere (which is composed of plastic flowing rock).
What is the mantle?
100
This is a mountain or hill, typically conical, having a crater or vent through which lava, rock fragments, hot vapor, and gases are or have been erupted from the earth's crust.
What is a volcano?
100
These are the two most common elements in Earth’s crust.
What are Silicon and Oxygen?
100
This is the wearing away or changing of the appearance or texture of rock or other materials due to long exposure to the atmosphere.
What is weathering?
100
This is water held underground in the soil or in pores and crevices in rock.
What is groundwater?
200
This is the general physical law that states that every body of mass in the universe has a force of attraction with every other point of mass.
What is Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation?
200
This occurs at faults when two pieces of lithosphere slip or move against each other.
What is an earthquake?
200
These are the 5 criteria that must be true for a substance to be a mineral.
What is it has to be a solid, formed in nature, a crystalline structure, a definite chemical makeup, and be inorganic?
200
This is the process by which soil and rock move downslope.
What is mass wasting?
200
This is the movement of saline water into freshwater aquifers.
What is salt water intrusion?
300
This is a theory that explains the structure of the earth's crust and the interaction of the lithosphere's plates that move slowly over the mantle below.
What is plate tectonics?
300
This is a type of seismic wave that can travel through gases (as sound waves), solids and liquids, including all layers of Earth's interior.
What is a primary wave?
300
This is the alteration of the composition or structure of a pre-existing parent rock to form a new rock.
What is metamorphism?
300
This is the erosion or decomposition of rocks, building materials, etc., caused by chemical reactions (chiefly with water and substances dissolved in it) rather than by mechanical processes.
What is chemical weathering?
300
This is the line in the Americas that divides the flow of water between the Pacific Ocean and Atlantic Ocean. Rain or snow that drains on the east side flows toward the Atlantic Ocean while precipitation on the west side flows toward the Pacific Ocean.
What is the continental divide?
400
When this occurs, a plate moves downward into the asthenosphere, where it is partially melted. The melt may rise through the lithosphere and solidify, or flow onto the surface from a volcano.
What is what happens to oceanic crust at trenches?
OR
What is what happens at a subduction zone?
400
These are regions that receive no seismic waves and are caused when density variations in the Earth cause seismic waves to change speed and direction as they move through the Earth.
What are shadow zones?
400
This process is more likely to cause foliation.
What is the process of regional metamorphism?
400
This is the chemical breakdown of a compound due to reaction with water.
What is hydrolysis?
400
This is an area of land from which surface drains to a river, lake, reservoir, estuary, wetland, sea, or ocean.
What is a drainage basin (or watershed)?
500
The rock of the upper mantle known as the asthenosphere is plastic-like but not molten. It acts like a conveyor belt that moves heat upward from Earth's interior, and carries cooled material downward in a big loop.
What is how convection in the asthenosphere causes plate movement?
OR
What is convection in Earth's interior?
OR
What is the driving force of plate tectonics?
500
When this happens, the paths of seismic waves bend and the P-waves travel faster and through more material than S-waves.
What is the movement of P and S waves through Earth’s interior?
500
These are rocks that are composed of fragments of pre-existing rock.
What are clastic sedimentary rocks?
500
This includes tectonic activity (uplift and mountain building) and gravity.
What are the driving forces of mass wasting?
500
(1) This is the fraction of empty space in sediment or rock, where the void may contain air or water. (2) This is the rate of flow of a liquid or gas through a porous material. (3) This is the moisture held in the tiny spaces between soil particles. It is the principal source of moisture for a plant's roots.
What is (1) porosity, (2) permeability & (3) capillary water.