Cells
What is the Basic Unit of Life
Cells
Differences between plant cell and animal cell-
plants have a cell wall, and they make their own food. It also has chloroplast. animal cells don’t have a cell wall.
What is a Consumer, Producer, decomposers, Photosynthesis.
Consumer-can not make their own food, they get it from other organisms.
producer- make their own food, like plants.
decomposers- feed on dead plants and animals.
Photosynthesis- the process in which plants and some other organisms use the energy in sunlight to make food. We start off with carbon dioxide, sunlight, and water and they make glucose and oxygen.
Genetics
it is the study of how traits are passed from one generation to the next.
Heredity and Codons
Heredity- is the process of passing traits. A trait is a visible feature. These traits are found in our genes.
Codons- a code that the DNA contains. guanine, cytosine, adenine, and thymine.
Cell Theory
the theory that (1) all organisms are made out of one or more cells; (2) cells are the smallest units of life; (3) cells come from pre-existing cells via cell division
How do living things get energy?
humans get energy by the process of cellular respiration. plants use the sun and photosynthesis.
Homozygous and heterozygous
Homozygous and heterozygous- homozygous is having identical pairs of genes for any given pair of hereditary characteristics or just the same. a heterozygous is having different pairs of genes for any given pair of hereditary characteristics
Phenotype, Genotype, and Mutations
Phenotype- observable characteristics.
Genotype- Bb, ee. It's a code of genes.
mutations- can be a minor or major affect.
Parts of A cell
mitochondria,
nucleus,
cell membrane, and
cytoplasm.
lysomos.
Golgi apparatus.
Cellular Respiration
it is the process of changing food into energy. The energy is obtained through carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, and minerals.
DNA
is a molecule that carries the genetic codes for all living things.
DNA determines whether you have brown hair or blond, or whether you are short or tall.
DNA determines the physical traits of all living things.
DNA contains many chromosomes that contain thousands of genes.
DNA stands for deoxyribonucleic acid.
Gene Splicing and Gene Silencing
Gene Splicing and Gene Silencing- where you cut out the gene that you don’t want or like. Gene silencing is to turn it or shut it off the gene that can produce a disease or bad trait.
Functions of A Cell
mitochondria- respiration takes place, “the powerhouse” energy stored and released. nucleus- holds DNA, the control center/Brain. cytoplasm- jelly like substance that holds all the organelles. cell membrane- allows nutrients to enter and waste to exit. golgi apparatus- makes protein. lysosomes- food is digested.
Mitosis and Meiosis
Mitosis- the process of cell division where one cell splits into two identical cells. The cells have the same function. needed for growth and repair.
Meiosis- the cell division process that creates egg and sperm cells. cell division that creates gametes. female=egg cell. male=sperm cell. 4 cells are created with 23 chromosomes, half the original.
Genetic Engineering
process of modifying genes into an organism's genome.
Prokaryote and Eukaryote Cells
Prokaryote-individual microscopic organism with no nucleus
Eukaryote-any cell or organism that possesses a clearly defined nucleus
Reproduction
reproduction without meiosis would create cells with too many chromosomes. We do not want to make the same species, we want diversity. so not everything is the same.
Cross Breeding, and Cloning
Cloning- when you make an exact copy of something. It has the same traits, looks, and genes. mitosis does this naturally.
cross breeding- plants crossbreed or cross pollinate when pollen from one type is transformed to another. if there is a quality you like you would cross breed it. its to transfer certain traits with another certain type to mix them up.