ethics
the role of ethics in psychological research
what is Ethical guidelines describe ways research is conducted to avoid doing harm to participants
what is generalisation
the results collected from the sample can be applied to the population of the study
feature and strength of structured interviews
set of per-established questions to be asked in real time face to face. Can ask the same set of questions allowing for standardization and comparison of answers.
features of stratified sampling
population is broken up into subgroups based on characteristics relevant to the study. then randomly sample from the subgroups in the same proportion they exist in the population
the feature of a cross sectional method
what is data collected from participants at one point in time. Participants may be from one sample or multiple samples
name the 8 ethics
Protections from harm, privacy, deception, debrief, confidentiality, withdrawal, voluntary participation, informed consent
what is the difference between population and sample
a sample is the subset taken from the population of the study
feature and strength of semi-structured interviews
set or pre-determined questions that can be asked but also allows for unprepared follow up questions.
Allows for comparison of data as well as information/description the researcher may not have thought of.
features of snowballing
initial participant is chosen, then they encourage others to join the research. Used when participants are hard to find - drugs, injuries
the features of a case study
the reason we have withdrawal
what is qualitative data
data using words either written, verbal or observed
feature and strength of focus groups
Participants meet in a small group with the researcher to discuss topic of research.
Allows for participants to extend their answers/allows for detailed discussion.
one strength and limitation of random sampling
strength - research bias is minimal
limitation - unlikely to be representative of the popualtion
the features of an experimental method
what is having a control and experimental group, IV and DV, follows a procedure, looking for a cause and effect relationship
the reason we have informed consent
to ensure participants are fully aware of what the aim is, how the experiment will run so they can make an informed decision to participate or not.
what is needed in a hypothesis
feature and strength of objective physiological measures
can see changes in participants physiological measures (heart rate, breathing) in real time.
participants are less likely to be able to affect data collected as in it limits bias
strength - allows researcher to find a sample that may otherwise be difficult to find
limitation - unlikely to represent the population, bias and or can not be generalised
features of observational studies
used to study behaviour where participants are monitored and notes are recorded. Can be a controlled study or a natural one.
what ethics are linked with using animals. state a feature of each
reduction - use limited numbers
refinement - use more than one thing on them
replacement - only use if there is no alternative
the role of the control group
to identify if the independent variable is responsible for the change in the dependent variable. Allows for a comparison.
feature and strength of subjective measures like a rating scale
rating scale allows attitudes to be measured using a scale of strength of agreement to statements
data can be anaylsed
feature, strength and limitation of convenience sampling
what is using participants who are easily accessible
strength - costs and time is low
limitation - researcher bias
features of a correlational study
measures the relationship between two varaibles (not cause and effect as no IV).