Chemistry
What is the periodic table?
A chart that organizes all known elements by increasing atomic number and their chemical properties.
What is the largest organ in the human body?
Skin
What is the role of insulin in the body?
To regulate blood sugar levels.
What is the main purpose of DNA sequencing?
To determine the exact sequence of nucleotides in a DNA molecule.
What does the term "organic food" mean?
Food produced without synthetic pesticides, fertilizers, or genetically modified organisms.
What is the chemical symbol for gold?
Au
What is the role of the heart in the circulatory system?
To pump blood throughout the body.
What is a common side effect of antibiotics?
Diarrhea or upset stomach
What is a transgenic organism?
An organism that has been genetically modified to contain genes from another species.
What is pasteurization?
The process of heating food to kill harmful microorganisms.
What type of bond forms when atoms share electrons?
Covalent bond
What is the term for a group of cells that perform a specific function?
Tissue
What is an antacid used for?
To neutralize stomach acid and relieve heartburn or indigestion.
What is a gene?
A segment of DNA that contains the instructions for making a specific protein.
What is the role of an emulsifier in food production?
To help mix ingredients that normally don’t combine, like oil and water.
Which ion is responsible for the acidity of a solution?
Hydrogen ion (H+)
Describe the difference between "autotrophs" and "heterotrophs."
Autotrophs produce their own food (usually through photosynthesis), while heterotrophs consume other organisms for energy.
Explain the difference between "potency" and "efficacy" in pharmacology.
Potency refers to the amount of drug needed to produce a given effect, while efficacy is the maximum effect a drug can produce, regardless of dose.
What is CRISPR, and what is it used for?
A technology used for editing genes, allowing scientists to alter DNA sequences and modify gene function.
What is the Maillard reaction, and how does it affect food?
A chemical reaction between amino acids and reducing sugars that gives browned food its flavor and color.
What is Avogadro's number, and what does it represent?
6.022 x 10²³, the number of particles in one mole of a substance.
How do telomeres protect chromosome ends, and what is their significance in aging?
Telomeres are repetitive DNA sequences at the ends of chromosomes that protect them from deterioration or fusion with neighboring chromosomes. Shortening of telomeres is associated with aging.
What is "therapeutic drug monitoring," and why is it important?
It is the measurement of drug concentrations in the blood to ensure a safe and effective dose, especially for drugs with narrow therapeutic indices.
Describe the principle of "next-generation sequencing."
Next-generation sequencing (NGS) allows for rapid sequencing of entire genomes or targeted regions by simultaneously sequencing millions of fragments in parallel.
What is the principle of freeze-drying, and how is it used in food preservation?
Freeze-drying removes water from food by freezing it and then reducing the surrounding pressure to allow the frozen water to sublimate directly from the solid phase to the gas phase, preserving the food with minimal changes to its texture and flavor.