Thermal Energy
What are the 4 laws of Thermodynamics?
Zeroth Law: Thermal Equilibrium
First Law: Nothing can be created or destroyed, only changed from one form to the other.
Second Law: Disorder
Third Law: Movement during Absolute Zero.
What is Kelvin used for?
Measurement system scientists use to find absolute heat and absolute cold. Can be found by adding 273.15 degrees celsius to your measurement.
What is buoyancy?
Somethings ability to float.
What is luster?
The amount of shine something has.
Is the average temperature of a person equal to, above, or below 100 degrees Fahrenheit?
Average body temperature: 98.6 F (37 C)
Name 3 ways heat travels
Radiation: Heat that moves in electromagnetic waves through the air.
Convection: Heat transferred through fluids or gases.
Conduction: Heat transferred through a solid (usually metal).
What might happen to your pipes if the water drops below freezing? What Science concept is this an example of?
The water pipes could burst as the metal contracts and the water expands. This is an example of Thermal Expansion!
What does Formless mean?
Formless means without a clear or definite shape or structure.
For example, with liquid, if you want to contain it, you have to pour it in a glass. Once you pour it, it takes on the shape of the glass. When you spill it, it takes on the shape of the table or the floor.
Liquid has no form of it’s own.
Gas has no form of it’s own, either.
It’s a collection of bonded atoms (H20).
What is Mohs Scale?
A relative hardness scale used to determine scratch hardness for minerals, ranking them from 1 (softest, talc) to 10 (hardest, diamond) based on their ability to scratch one another.
What are insulators and conductors?
Insulator: Something that doesn’t transfer heat well, or will stop heat.
Conductor: Material that can transfer heat through it easily.
How is combustion caused?
Combustion is a chemical process in which a material reacts quickly with oxygen to give off heat.
It happens when the three components, oxygen, heat, and fuel, meet forming the Fire Triangle.
When a jar won't open, why do we run hot water over the lid?
The hot water on the lid of the jar allows the metal to expand, enabling it to open the jar.
Since metal expands more than glass, even if the glass expands, the metal lid will still be loosened.
What does displace mean?
To replace matter with another type of matter, or to move matter.
For example, water displacement happens when a lot of people get into a small pool. The water has to move to where there is space. The sides of the pool are solid and do not move, so the water then must move upwards, causing the water level to rise or overflow.
What are the particles that make up everything around you?
Atoms. They are made up of Protons, Neutrons, Electrons.
Protons and neutrons make up the nucleus and electrons follow an unpredictable path around the nucleus.
What is Entropy?
Lack of order or predictability; gradual decline into disorder. A measurement of disorder, or unorganized matter.
Name 2 examples of thermal expansion.
Examples could be:
1. Thermometer
2. Sidewalk cracks
3. Bridge expansion joints
What is the difference between heat source and heat sink? Can you give an example?
Heat Source: An item that produces or radiates heat. (The thing that is hotter)
Heat Sink: An object that disperses heat from a heat source. (The thing receiving heat)
Examples:
Egg on the sidewalk: The Sun is the heat source, the pavement is the heat sink. Once the sun heats up the pavement, the pavement is the heat source, while the egg, or your feet are the heat sink.
Hot air balloon: The fire is the heat source; the balloon is the heat sink.
Ironing a shirt: The iron is the heat source; the shirt is the heat sink.
Feet by the fire: The fire is the heat source; the feet are the heat sink.
Toaster: The toaster is the heat source; the bread is the heat sink.
What causes surface tension?
Surface tension is caused by hydrogen bonds, which create cohesion forces.
This is when water acts like a stretched elastic membrane, creating the appearance of a dome-like structure and elastic stretching as they hold on tight to each other on the surface.
Who created all things and holds all things together?
Jesus created all things, and he holds all things together.
He uses Chemistry and Physics to hold it all together!
Scripture:
“He is the image of the invisible God, the firstborn of all creation.
For by him all things were created, in heaven and on earth, visible and invisible, whether thrones or dominions or rulers or authorities—all things were created through him and for him.
And he is before all things, and in him all things hold together.”
(Colossians 1:15-17, evs)
Name 2 elements on the periodic table
There are 118 elements in total.
The first 20 elements:
How does a microwave work?
Radio waves heat the water inside food by pushing the tiny particles together until they collide. As the pieces move faster, they get hotter, which makes the food warmer.
How does Temperature relate to Kinetic Energy?
Trying to take the temperature of a hot chocolate drink with a thermometer. The heat energy of the drink enters the thermometer liquid causing it to have higher kinetic energy, which causes the particles to move faster and farther away from each other. They expand which causes the liquid to rise to a certain temperature. Once the temperature is the same in the thermometer as in the drink, it will stop gaining energy and the thermometer level will be steady and stop rising.
Name 3 facts about how a boat floats on water.
There is an upward push coming from the water
cohesion & surface tension, meaning the strength of the bond the atoms have.
Surface area of the boat
The shape of the boat changes its density. And density is what matters.
Air pockets inside the boat make it less dense inside the water.
The ship needs to go down into the water with a lot of air in the submerged part of the ship.
How can you tell the difference between gold and Iron Pyrite?
Color: Iron pyrite is lighter and a brass-yellow while gold has a rich, warmer color.
Shape: Iron pyrite has cubic crystals with distinct edges and rougher texture. Gold is more irregular in shape and tends to have smoother edges.
Hardness: Iron pyrite is much stronger than gold at it ranks at a 6 to 6.5 on the Mohs scale, while gold has a hardness of about 2.5 to 3. This means that pyrite can scratch materials like glass and a copper coin, whereas gold is soft enough to be scratched by a fingernail or dented by a coin. Fun fact: Pure gold is soft and malleable, so biting it would leave an imprint, indicating that it was real gold.
Gold is odorless, while pyrite has a distinct smell of sulfur, like rotten eggs, particularly when struck or scratched. This sulfurous smell comes from the iron sulfide (FeS₂) mineral content of pyrite, which reacts with the air or acids to produce the odor.
Gold is essentially tasteless, and the "taste" of iron pyrite is actually its distinct smell (sulfurous or rotten-egg smell). It is an odor characteristic of sulfur that gold does not have.
Luster: Gold has a rich, buttery yellow, metallic luster that stays the same in any light, while pyrite has a paler, brassy yellow with a polished brass-like shine, but its luster can diminish in low light.
Name 3 types of energy
Examples: Thermal energy, Radiant energy, Light energy, Chemical energy, Nuclear energy, Electrical energy, Gravitational energy, Mechanical energy.