Essentials
The _____ makes the _______.
What are the two types of dose response curves?
Graded and Quantal
True or False: Metabolism always detoxifies toxic agents.
FALSE!!
What are two reliable source of toxicology data?
Tox21
PubChem
ATSDR
ECHA
OeCD eChem Portal
Which medication should you not take with alcohol?
Acetaminophen (Tylenol)
What are the 3 primary exposure routes?
Inhalation
Dermal
Oral
What does LOAEL stand for?
Lowest observed adverse effect limit.
What are the 3 main routes of eliminating toxic metabolites?
Urine
Feces
Exhalation
Name one advantage and one disadvantage to in-vitro assays
Dr. McLarnan's discretion
A curve that does not change directionality of slope.
Monotonic
Definition: Any substance that causes a harmful effect when administered in small quantities and acts systematically
Poison
What determines whether a data point is meaningfully different from the control?
Statistical significance
What determines how a toxic agent is distributed through the body?
Its physiochemical properties
What measure of toxicity do we compare when looking at the relative toxicity of different compounds across assays?
AC50 (potentcy)
A type of antagonism in which a direct chemical reaction between two compounds that produces a less toxic product
Chemical antagonism
What are two of the subclassifications we might use to describe toxic agents?
Organic or inorganic
Chemical structure (e.g. aromatic amine, aromatic hydrocarbon, halogenated hydrocarbon etc.)
Physical state (Solids, liquid, gas)
Use (e.g. pesticide, dry cleaning agent, food additive, weapon, plasticizer etc.)
Source (e.g. plant, animal, combustion by-product etc.)
Stability/Reactivity (e.g. persistent, explosive, flammable, oxidizer, corrosive etc.)
The "safe" dose for a compound, seen at the NOAEL, is also called the __________
What step in the mechanisms of toxicity would a toxic agent forming an adduct with a cellular molecule be?
Reaction of toxic agent with target molecule
These studies are conducted over a long period (usually 6 months to 2 years) to see the effects of low-level, repeated exposure.
Chronic study
The abnormal reactivity of an individual to a chemical based on its genetics or other individual sensitivity factors.
Idiosyncrasy
The combination of two chemicals is less than the sub of each chemical alone is what type of chemical interaction?
Antagonism
How do we calculate an EC50 from a graded dose response curve?
What are the four big steps in the mechanism of toxicity?
Delivery of the toxic agent to its target site
Interactions between the toxic agent and its target or the microenvironment
Cellular dysfunction
In appropriate repair or adaptation
What can we determine from in-silico toxicology?
Predict toxicity, prioritize which agents to test next.
What types of toxic agents / metabolites are typically excreted in the urine?
Hydrophilic/water soluble