Epicycles and Retrograde were both established to preserve the use of circles while explaining the occasional backwards motion.
Science
BONUS:What is the Planet that is commonly referenced in retrograde?
Orion: The Hunter who chases a Scorpion
Fiction
BONUS: What is the name of the constellation he chases
The Celestial Sphere made of Bronze that was held up and rotated by the Titan Atlas

Fiction
BONUS:What is the name of the Famous Sculpture depicting this?
Callisto:The Mother of Arcas who almost killed by her own son.
Fiction
BONUS:What constellation did Callisto transform into?
The idea of The Immutable Heaven that rotated around the observer represented the manner in which the constellation would revolve around the sky, marking early acknowledgement of Orbit.
Science
BONUS: What famous philosopher came up with the term the "Immutable Heaven"?
Thales of Miletus: One of the Seven Sages who claimed "All Things are Full of Gods"
Science
BONUS: What was he credited as the first of?