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material formed from decaying leaves and other organic matter
humus
a wide, gently sloping mountain made of layers of lava and formed by quiet eruptions
shield volcano
Point on Earth's surface directly above an earthquake's focus
epicenter
platinum
group of metamorphic rocks made up of layers like the leaves of a book
foliated rocks
Loose materials such as rock fragments, mineral grains, and bits of shell that have been moved by wind, water, ice, or gravity
sediments
large, irregularly shaped lump made of lava that hardened before being thrown out of the volcano
volcanic block
smaller quakes produced after a major quake caused by rocks shifting to new positions
aftershocks
green form of beryl
emerald
a model of a design used for testing
prototype
The solid layer of rock beneath the soil
bedrock
A hot, fast-moving type of lava that hardens to form smooth, ropelike coils
pahoehoe
fastest type of earthquake wave
P waves
red variety of Corundum
ruby
general term for a mass of volcanic rock beneath the surface
igneous intrusion
a pH value of 8 is best described as
basic
General term for any piece of solid volcanic ejecta
pyroclast
considered the most reliable method for mathematically measuring an earthquakes strength
moment magnitude scale
most reflective metal
silver
type of bacteria that converts atmospheric nitrogen into nitrogen containing compounds
nitrogen-fixing bacteria
layer of either porous rock or a gravel-soil mixture that can hold water
aquifer
mountain that forms when magma is forced upward and flows onto Earth's surface
volcanic mountain
the earthquake zone that includes the San Andreas Fault
circum-Pacific
metal used in radiation shielding, car batteries, and small-arms ammunition
lead
ability of a mineral to remain glowing after being exposed to ultraviolet light and then placed in the dark
phosphorescence