Atoms
Subatomic particles of an atom and their charges
Protons- Positive charge
Neutrons- Neutral/no charge
Electrons- Negative charge
What are the 2 types of Ions and their charges?
Cation- Positive charge
Anion- Negative charge
What are Gamma Rays made of?
Pure energy
What is the biosphere?
The decomposition of organisms or parts of organisms in the soil as a source of carbon.
What is a green energy source?
An energy source that is sustainable and does not produce any carbon dioxide emissions or pollutants when used.
True or False:
The mass number of an atom is equal to the number of protons
True
Would a magnesium atom loose or gain electrons?
Mg- 2/8/2
What would its charge become? Is it a cation or anion?
Loose 2 electrons
Mg(2+)
Describe Alpha Particles:
What does an Alpha particle made up of?
Do Alpha particles cause damage? What are their penetrating abilities?
Alpha particle: two protons and 2 neutrons
(Helium Nucleus)
Cause little damage externally, cannot penetrate paper
What is the Lithosphere?
Earth's rocky crust and soil where CO2 can react with rain to make acid rain and is found in sedimentary rocks as calcium carbonate.
What is wind and solar energy?
Solar energy:
When solar cells absorb sunlight, the light particles remove electrons from atoms converting the solar energy into electricity.
Wind energy:
Wind turbines are used to produce energy, blades are attached to a shaft that produces electricity when the blades are turned by wind currents.
What is the outer shell of an atom called and what are the electrons in the outer shell called?
Valence shell and valence electrons
Would an oxygen atom loose or gain electrons?
O 2,6
What would the charge be? Is it a cation or anion?
Gains 2 electrons
Anion
O(2-)
What is alpha decay?
Alpha decay is when a large unstable nucleus decays into a smaller more stable nucleus by getting rid of an alpha particle
What is the Atmosphere?
The layer of gases that surround the Earth. Where carbon exists as CO2
What is Hyroelectricity?
As water rapidly flows from a high point of a dam or reservoir, gains potential energy and converts it to kinetic energy. This energy is used to spin turbine blades of a generator and electricity is formed.
What do the groups and periods represent on the Periodic table?
Periods:
- The number of shells an atom has
Groups:
- The amount of electrons in the outer shell
- The chemical properties and reactivity
What are unstable isotopes called and what are happen to them?
They are called radioactive or radioisotopes and they decay to form other elements.
What do Gamma Rays do?
Change a nucleus from a higher energy state to a lower energy state
What is the Hydrosphere?
All the water in the world where carbon is stored as CO2 in shells or as calcium carbonate due to the decay of dead sea plants
What are renewable fuels?
Name the 2 types of bio fuels
Produce some carbon dioxide, yet less than petrol make.
Bioethanol:
Gets added to petrol, Produced from crops like sugar cane, Produce less energy than petrol
Biodiesel:
Made from animal and plant waste, can be used for fuel
What is an Isotope?
Isotopes are atoms with the same number of protons, but a different number of neutrons.
What are the 2 types of radioactivity? Define them.
What are the 2 types of radiation? Name them?
Natural Radioactivity: Emitted from matter without energy being supplied to atoms
Artificial Radioactivity: Produced in a lab by being bombarded with protons or neutrons
Ionising radiation (damaging)
Non-Ionising radiation (generally safe)
Describe a Beta particle:
Penetrating abilities?
When is it produced?
Does the mass change?
The symbol?
Beta particles are produced when a neutron in the nucleus decays into a proton and electron.
The mass does not change since the nucleus gets rid of an electron
Symbol-β
Can penetrate human tissue and damage living tissue
What is the Carbon Cycle?
Name the processes involved:
How carbon cycles through Earth's spheres via:
1. Combustion- Chemical reaction
2. Photosynthesis in plants
3. Cellular Respiration- Glucose to energy
4. Decomposition- Breaking down substances
What is carbon capture and storage?
What are the 3 steps that need to be taken?
Prevents carbon dioxide to get into the atmosphere, storing gas underground.
1. Capture: carbon dioxide separated from exhaust of power stations.
2. Transport: Captured carbon dioxide is compressed and chilled into a liquid state. Is then transported by pipelines or ships.
3. Store: The carbon dioxide is stored 800m underground.