Scientific Method
List the 6 steps of the scientific method in order.
Observation, Research, Hypothesis, Experiment, Data Collection, & Conclusion
What is the term for when we give a document with contradictions the benefit of the doubt?
Aristotle's Dictum
What are 2 similarities between "Antiquities of the Jews" and "Annals?"
1. Both written by non-Christians
2. Both cited the existence of Jesus and His death at the hands of Pilate
Explain what the independent, dependent, and controlled variables are.
Independent - The one variable you purposely change and test
Dependent - The measure of change observed because of independent variable; decide how you will measure the change
Controlled - These are kept the same throughout your experiments
You found 2 artifacts at different levels. One has a known age of 20 years old and you want to find the relative age of the other artifact. Explain how you can find the relative age of the artifact without an age using the principle of superposition.
Compare the depths at which the artifacts were found. If the artifact without an age was found below the other artifact that is 20 years old, it would be older than 20 years old.
What is the format we use for our hypothesis?
If/then
You find a document that says there was a great battle on the campus of BCA 1500 years ago. You dig and find evidence of a small village, BUT NO EVIDENCE of a battle or even a small food fight. What test does this fail? Why?
External test - it contradicts archaeological fact (or evidence OUTSIDE of the document)
When you look to the past for circumstantial evidences in the present, what science is this called?
Historical science
You change the amount of water you give to 2 different plants to see how water amount affects plant growth. What variable is plant growth?
Dependent - because you're seeing how the independent variable (water amount) affects plant growth (it depends on the amount of water it gets)
We talked about 2 dating methods specifically. What are those 2 mthods called?
Dendrochronology and radiometric dating
What is the first step of the scientific method called?
Observation/Purpose
why does Jason like harper
cause they have a connection
What is an artifact?
An object made by human hands that has been left behind (tools, weapons, container, etc.)
What is the type of data that consists of observational data for the 5 senses?
Qualitative Data
What is the age called when the date is printed on the artifact or referenced in a work of history?
Known Age
What is the main thing we must include in our conclusion?
Whether our data supports or rejects (does not support) our hypothesis
Which document is more accurate/reliable? A document with a short time span between the original and the copy or a document with a long time span between the original and the copy? Why?
Short time span is more reliable - less room for error
What documents were found by Bedouin shepherds exploring caves?
Dead Sea Scrolls
In an experiment, you keep the amount of light constant throughout the whole experiment. What variable is this?
Controlled variable
Explain the Principle of Superposition.
A concept that states that the deeper layers of the earth hold older artifacts
Why do we do research?
To make our hypothesis the best educated guess that it can be. The more we know, the more educated our guess can be.
Who wrote "Annals" and who wrote "Antiquities of the Jews?" Half points if you can get one right
Annals - Cornelius Tacitus
Antiquities of the Jews - Flavius Josephus
What are copies of a work made by different people called? Is it better to have multiple different authors or just one? Is it better to have a short time span between the original and the copy or a long time span?
Supporting documents
Multiple different authors - the more people saying the same thing, the better
Short time span - less room for error; less time for language to change
What is the difference between qualitative and quantitative data?
Qualitative - 5 senses (sight, touch, taste, smell, hearing)
Quantitative - numerical measurements (numbers!)
What is one problem with dendrochronology?
Sometimes trees grow more than one ring per year.