Big Thinkers
Who proposed the heliocentric theory of the universe?
Who is Copernicus?
What shift in thinking marked the Scientific Revolution?
What is the shift from religious tradition to observation and reason?
What is the key innovation of the scientific method?
What is experimentation and observation?
How did the medieval approach to knowledge differ from the Scientific Revolution?
What is the medieval reliance on Church authority vs. the Scientific Revolution’s use of reason and evidence?
Which of Locke’s ideas most directly influenced the American Revolution?
What are natural rights: life, liberty, and property?
Which thinker believed humans were naturally selfish and needed a strong ruler?
Who is Thomas Hobbes?
What did Enlightenment philosophers believe was the main tool for solving problems?
What is reason?
What did Galileo’s observations of Jupiter’s moons prove?
What is that not everything revolved around Earth (evidence for heliocentrism)?
Why did absolute monarchs feel threatened by Enlightenment ideas?
What is Enlightenment ideas encouraged questioning their authority and power?
According to Hobbes, why do people enter into a social contract?
What is to gain order and protection by giving power to a ruler?
Who argued for freedom of speech and religious tolerance?
Who is Voltaire?
What does “deism” mean in connection with Newton?
What is the belief that God created the universe?
What was Vesalius’s major contribution to medicine?
He mapped the human body accurately (anatomy).
How did Diderot’s Encyclopedia support Enlightenment thought?
What is it spread knowledge and challenged traditional authority?
What economic idea did Adam Smith promote?
What is laissez-faire economics or free markets?
Whose work on planetary motion proved orbits were elliptical?
Who is Johannes Kepler?
What idea did Montesquieu contribute about government?
What is separation of powers?
What was Robert Boyle’s contribution to chemistry?
What is the idea that matter is made of tiny particles (chemistry)?
What contradiction existed regarding women during the Enlightenment?
What is promoting equality and rights, but often excluded women?
Montesquieu’s idea of separation of powers most directly influenced which feature of the U.S. Constitution?
What is the system of checks and balances or Three Branches?
Whose idea of popular sovereignty is reflected in the U.S. Constitution?
Who is Jean-Jacques Rousseau?
According to Rousseau, what was the main source of human corruption?
What is civilization and society?
How did Newton view the universe?
What is a universe governed by natural laws, like a machine set in motion?
How did Enlightenment ideas challenge rulers’ traditional power?
What is they limited divine right and emphasized government based on reason and consent?
Rousseau’s idea of popular sovereignty is best reflected in which phrase from the Constitution?
What is “We the People”?