Health Disparities
Distal Determinants
Intermediate and Proximal
Authors and Framework
100

This indicator of child health is higher among Aboriginal children than non-Aboriginal children in Canada.

What is infant mortality?

100

This historical system forcibly removed Indigenous children from their families to assimilate them.

What are residential schools?

100

This proximal determinant includes having enough nutritious food and is often compromised in Indigenous communities.

What is food security?

100

These two scholars authored the 2012 article on social determinants and Aboriginal children’s health.

Who are Margo Greenwood and Sarah de Leeuw?

200

Aboriginal children experience higher rates of this chronic disease, often linked to food insecurity and lifestyle changes.

What is Type 2 diabetes?

200

This federal legislation created reserves and heavily restricted Indigenous governance and rights.

What is the Indian Act?

200

This intermediate determinant—language, ceremony, identity—is associated with lower youth suicide rates.

What is cultural continuity?

200

This three-level framework organizes determinants as distal, intermediate, and proximal.

What is the layered determinants model (or SDOH framework)?

300

This mental health outcome is disproportionately high among Indigenous youth in Canada.

What is suicide?

300

This ongoing structural force is identified as a root cause of health inequities for Aboriginal children.

What is colonialism?

300

This proximal factor, when inadequate, contributes to respiratory issues and injuries among children.

What is housing?

300

This journal published the article in 2012.

What is Paediatrics & Child Health?

400

Aboriginal children have lower rates of accessing this type of healthcare provider.

What is a doctor (or physician)?

400

This form of discrimination, including microaggressions in healthcare, negatively affects diagnosis and treatment.

What is racism?

400

These community-level resources (clinics, schools, recreation) are shaped by distal forces and affect health access.

What is community infrastructure?

400

Who is the main character in "The Curse Of The Cheese Pyramid"

What is Geronimo Stilton?