CARDIOVASCULAR
This cardiac variable represents the amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle with each heartbeat.
What is stroke volume?
This type of muscle contraction occurs when the muscle lengthens while producing force.
What is an eccentric contraction?
This ligament is most commonly injured during ankle inversion injuries.
What is the anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL)?
This type of study design randomly assigns participants to intervention or control groups.
What is a randomized controlled trial (RCT)?
This energy system predominates during maximal effort exercise lasting under 10 seconds.
What is the ATP-PC (phosphagen) system?
This equation represents the relationship between cardiac output, heart rate, and stroke volume.
What is Cardiac Output = Heart Rate × Stroke Volume (Q = HR × SV)?
Torque is defined as the product of these two variables.
What are force and moment arm distance?
This overuse injury is characterized by pain along the medial border of the tibia and is common in runners.
What is medial tibial stress syndrome (shin splints)?
This statistical value represents the probability of observing results as extreme as those measured if the null hypothesis is true.
What is the p-value?
This autonomic division is primarily responsible for decreasing heart rate.
What is the parasympathetic nervous system?
This physiological phenomenon describes the gradual increase in heart rate during prolonged steady-state exercise despite constant workload.
What is cardiovascular (cardiac) drift?
During an isometric knee extension on a dynamometer, the external moment arm is determined by this distance.
What is the perpendicular distance from the joint axis to the line of force application?
This shoulder injury involves compression of the supraspinatus tendon under the acromion during overhead movements.
What is subacromial impingement (shoulder impingement syndrome)?
This type of error occurs when a researcher fails to detect a true effect.
What is a Type II error (β error)?
This hormone stimulates erythropoiesis in response to hypoxia.
What is erythropoietin (EPO)?
This pressure measurement reflects the force exerted against arterial walls during ventricular relaxation.
What is diastolic blood pressure (DBP)?
This biomechanical principle states that for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
What is Newton’s Third Law of Motion?
This type of fracture occurs due to repetitive submaximal loading exceeding the bone’s ability to remodel.
What is a stress fracture?
This measure describes the magnitude of difference between groups independent of sample size.
What is effect size (e.g., Cohen’s d)?
This respiratory variable represents the maximum volume of air exhaled after a maximal inhalation.
What is vital capacity?
This equation is used to estimate mean arterial pressure when systolic and diastolic blood pressures are known.
What is MAP = DBP + 1/3 (SBP − DBP)?
If ground reaction force increases while the moment arm remains constant, this mechanical variable at the joint will increase proportionally.
What is joint torque (joint moment)?
Following joint injury, this reflexive neuromuscular inhibition reduces voluntary muscle activation and can impair strength recovery.
What is arthrogenic muscle inhibition (AMI)?
This type of validity refers to whether study findings can be generalized to a broader population.
What is external validity?
This principle of training states that physiological adaptations are specific to the type of stimulus applied.
What is the principle of specificity?