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Behaviorist
Innatist
Cognitive
Sociocultural
More Cognitive
100
Five hypotheses of Monitor Model • Acquisition versus learning • Learned knowledge used only as a monitor/editor • Acquisition follows a ‘natural order’. • Acquisition is based on access to comprehensible input containing (i+1). • Stress and negative affect interfere with acquisition.
What is Krashen’s Momitor Model
100
Language acquisition is the building up of knowledge that can eventually be used automatically for speaking and understanding. New information must be noticed before it can be learned. There is a limit to how much information a learner can pay attention to. Through experience and practice, information that was new becomes easier to process.
What is information processing
100
Research investigating how learners co-construct knowledge while engaged in collaborative dialogue that focuses on form and meaning at the same time.
What is collaborative dialogue
100
• Practice connects language forms and their meanings. Not It is mechanical and not restricted to production––it is also relevant for comprehension. • Practice should be interactive, meaningful, and focus on task-essential forms.
What is The Role of Practice
200
The difficulty in mastering certain structures in L2 depended on the difference between the learners' mother language (L1) and the language they were trying to learn.
What is contrastive analysis
200
Interaction is essential for SLA, but interaction must be comprehensible. • Modified interaction • Comprehension checks • Clarification requests • Self-repetition or paraphrase • Revised version of interaction hypothesis More emphasis on corrective feedback
What is the interaction hypothesis
300
• Nothing is learned unless it is noticed. Importance of awareness and attention in L2 learning Input processing • Learners have difficulty focusing on form and meaning at the same time.
What is the noticing hypothesis
300
Learning takes place when a learner encounters a gap in his or her linguistic knowledge of the second language (L2). By noticing this gap, the learner becomes aware of it and may be able to modify his output so that he learns something new about the language
What is comprehensible output hypothesis
400
A dominant approach to foreign language teaching from the 1940s to the 1960s, emphasizing mimicry and memorization.
What is the Audiolingual Method
400
The ability to learn grammar is hard-wired into the brain. Language does not need to be taught. There are properties that all natural human languages share. It is a matter of observation and experimentation to determine precisely what abilities are innate and what properties are shared by all languages.
What is Universal Grammar
400
An approach to understanding learning that sees learning as the creation of links (connections) between bits of information All learning is based on the same processes. The frequency with which information is encountered is a strong predictor of how easily it will be learned. Neurological connections are made between language and a particular meaning or a situation (e.g. people usually say Hello when they answer the phone) and between elements of language itself (e.g. noticing that say always occurs with I or we/you/they and that says always occurs with he/she/it).
What is usage based learning
500
Proposed to account for both L1 and L2 learning Through exposure learners come to understand how to use the ‘cues’ that language uses to signal specific functions (e.g. word order; animacy). English speakers tend to use word order; Italian speakers use animacy with a sentence like: Il giocattolo guarda il bambino. (The toy – is looking at – the child.)
What is the competition model
500
Traditionally, ZPD was restricted to a novice and an expert; the term has been broadened to include novice–novice interaction. Swain’s comprehensible output hypothesis informs this ideas that when learners have to produce language, they must pay more attention to how meaning is expressed than they ordinarily do for comprehension of language.
What is learning by talking
500
• Practice connects language forms and their meanings. Not It is mechanical and not restricted to production––it is also relevant for comprehension. • Practice should be interactive, meaningful, and focus on task-essential forms.
What is The Role of Practice