Topic A: Inter-System Communication
What two systems regulate body functions?
Nervous and endocrine
What electrolyte is lost most in sweat?
Sodium
What is the “4 Cs” model of mental toughness?
Commitment, control, challenge, confidence
What is the unit for VO₂ max in the data booklet?
mL·kg⁻¹·min⁻¹
What’s the average resting heart rate of a trained adult?
~50–60 bpm
What part of the brain controls homeostasis?
Hypothalamus
What hormone reduces urine output to conserve water?
ADH (antidiuretic hormone)
What term describes bouncing back from failure?
Resilience
What structure separates the right and left side of the heart?
Septum
What’s the acronym for the body's energy currency?
ATP
Name the two main divisions of the nervous system.
Central and peripheral
Define hyponatremia.
Low blood sodium concentration
What psychological factor helps athletes persist under pressure?
Mental toughness
What muscle fibre type is most fatigue-resistant?
Type I
Which famous Aussie swimmer is known as “Thorpedo”?
Ian Thorpe
What does the sympathetic nervous system do during exercise?
Increases HR, blood flow, ventilation
What causes cardiovascular drift during long-duration exercise?
Blood plasma loss + increased HR
What type of training improves mental toughness and attention?
Mindfulness
What is shown in a sarcomere diagram?
Actin and myosin filaments
What does RPE stand for?
Rate of Perceived Exertion
Explain one difference between endocrine and nervous system control.
Nervous = fast, local; Endocrine = slower, longer-lasting
How do Na+ and K+ help muscle contraction?
Generate action potentials for nerve impulses
What does the "self-fulfilling prophecy" theory suggest in sport?
Belief in success increases effort, improving performance outcomes
What effect does increased hematocrit have on performance?
Improves O₂ transport but raises viscosity
Which SEHS concept connects heat, humidity, and blood flow to skin?
Thermoregulation