Basic knowledge
A constitutional doctrine where the U.S. Supreme Court applies the protections of the Bill of Rights to state and local governments
Selective incorporation
First major case of selective incorporation. This freedom of speech case incorporated the 1st amendment
Gitlow v. New York
Because of incorporation, this amendment protects individuals from not being able to practice their religion freely and also preventing states from establishing an official religion
1st Amendment
The government cannot establish an official religion under this clause in the 1st Amendment
Establishment Clause
This amendment protects individual Rights and equal protection under the law
14th Amendment
This case ruled that suspects must be informed of their 5th Amendment rights during police interrogations. These rights were named after the defendant of this case
Miranda v. Arizona
The right to a speedy, public and fair trial with an impartial jury
6th Amendment
Clause that states that the Constitution is the “law of the land“ which state laws cannot violate
Supremacy Clause
Rights written in the Constitution that are essential to “liberty and justice” which must be upheld by all state governments
Fundamental Rights
Case that incorporated the 2nd Amendment‘s right to bear arms for self defense
McDonald v. Chicago
This amendment protects individuals from unreasonable searches and seizures. Police must have probable cause or a warrant in order to search you
4th Amendment
Clause in the 14th Amendment that prevents any government from depriving individuals from their basic rights of ”life, liberty, and property”
Due Process Clause
Power of the Supreme Court to look at a law or government action that violates incorporated rights and declare it unconstitutional
Judicial Review
Applied the exclusionary rule of the 4th Amendment which bans illegally obtained evidence from being used in trial
Mapp v. Ohio
Protects individuals against double jeopardy and self incrimination
5th Amendment
Clause in the 14th Amendment that ensures all citizens are treated equally by state laws
Equal Protection Clause
Word that describes the individual freedoms protected by the Bill of Rights that selective incorporation protects from government overreach
Civil liberties
After being denied a lawyer due to being too poor to afford one, this case incorporated the 6th Amendment that states must provide an attorney
Gideon v. Wainwright
This amendment protects individuals against cruel and unusual punishments
8th Amendment
Clause in the 14th Amendment that prevents states from discriminating against citizens from other states
Privileges and Immunities Clause