Concepts & Misc
Two behaviors - one physical, one cognitive - shown to be affected, in older adults, by priming of positive or negative words about aging.
What are walking speed and memory? (p. 349 & class)
The age at which most infants in individualistic cultures recognize themselves in a mirror.
What is 18 months? (p. 335 & class)
The age grade in which self-descriptions focus on physical characteristics, possessions, accomplishments, and preferences?
What is early childhood (preschool years)? (p. 339 & class)
The critical Eriksonian crisis for adolescence.
What is identity vs. role confusion? (343 & class)
The conflict or crisis whose resolution more likely includes a "shared identity" IF one has reached "identity achievement" in the prior stage?
What is intimacy vs. isolation? (p. 354)
The age by which Freud thought personality was formed, after which it was mostly stable.
What is 5 years? (p. 333)
The three major temperament types described by Thomas & Chess.
What are "easy", "difficult", and "slow to warm up"? (p. 336 & class)
Two things that happen to self-esteem between early and middle childhood.
What is (2 of the following):
-declines on average
-becomes more accurate
-becomes more differentiated
(p. 340 & class)
The "age grade" when ethnic identity begins to form, AND the behavior that provides evidence of its roots.
What is infancy, and babies showing a preference for looking at babies form their own ethnic group? (p. 345)
The direction of developmental change that occurs over the adult years in average level of agreeableness, emotional stability, and conscientiousness ... and in stability of personality traits.
What is increases? (p. 352 & class)
The theoretical approach to personality that emphasizes the influence of situations, and attributes any stability (continuity) to stability of social context.
What is social cognitive theory? (p. 333-334)
The conditions under which DIFFICULT TEMPERAMENT is likely to be stable over time, referencing "goodness of fit".
What is when there is poor goodness of fit with respect to effective (e.g., patient, supportive) parenting? (p. 338 & class)
The age at which childhood personality starts to predict personality in young adulthood, according to Caspi & colleagues.
What is age 3? (p. 341 and class)
The identity status in which the individual is actively raising questions and seeking answers but has not resolved questions and made a commitment.
What is moratorium? (p. 344)
Research shows that this is a more accurate description or or label for what happens in mid-life than Levinson's "midlife crisis".
What is midlife questioning? (p. 356)
That which Japanese adults reference when asked to describe themselves (in contrast to American adults' referencing of unique personal qualities).
What is "social roles and social identities" (p. 351)
This behavior at 4 months predicts fearfulness around new people and toys at 21 months.
What is high levels of crying and activity in response to a novel object, or behavioral inhibition? (p. 337 & class)
A personality trait that shows more stability and is more likely to predict good adjustment outcomes in China compared to North America, where the trait is more likely to change over time and predict poor adjustment outcomes.
What is shyness? (p. 341 and class)
Two things that happen to self-concept between childhood and adolescence.
What is (2 of the following):
-becomes less physical and more psychological
-becomes less concrete and more abstract
-becomes more differentiated
-becomes more integrated and coherent
-reflects greater self-awareness
(p. 342 & class)
The phase often experienced just after retirement where older adults relish their newfound freedom.
What is the honeymoon phase? (p. 359)
The 5 traits emphasized by the Big 5 perspective.
What are:
Openness to experience, Conscientiousness, Extroversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism
(p. 333)
Behaviors that are more likely in toddlers who recognize themselves in a mirror compared to toddlers who do not.
What is (one of the following):
-Talk about themselves & assert their wills
-experience self-conscious emotions (pride or embarrassment)
-coordinate perspectives with others (e.g., imitate, cooperate)
(p. 336)
The 5 aspects of self-worth present by mid-elementary school.
What are scholastic, social, behavioral, conduct, athletic, and physical. (p. 340)
The three personality traits associated with exploration and achievement of identity in adolescents & young adults.
What are low neuroticism, high openness, and high conscientiousness? (p. 347)
(or emotional stability, curiosity, and responsibility)
Two effective ways that older adults maintain self-esteem as they age.
What are (two of four): (p. 348-349)
-scale down visions of one's ideal self
-adjust goals to be more realistic
-make "downward" social comparisons
-resist ageist stereotypes