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What is the definition of environmental science?
How humans impact and interact with the environment.
What is a null hypothesis?
A prediction there is no change.
Homozygous:
Two same alleles
Heterozygous:
The Simson's biodiversity index shows higher diversity as the number gets closer to...
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What is allopatric speciation vs sympatric speciation?
Allopatric - Speciation by separation of populations geographically
Sympatric - Speciation while within the same geographic range
What symbiosis includes one organism benefitting and one not being affected?
Commensalism
What type of symbiotic relationship includes a human eating a cow or a cow eating a flower?
Parasitism
What type of symbiosis includes both organisms benefiting from the relationship?
Mutualism
What is an example of a primary consumer, secondary consumer, tertiary consumer, and detritovore?
Cow eating grass, bird eating grasshopper, Hawk eating a sparrow, ant eating a dead cow.
Which species concept would be used to identify an extinct species found only in fossils?
Morphological
What is genetic drift and an example?
Changes in allele frequencies due to a sharp decrease in population size. A bottleneck where most organisms in a population die leaving a small portion left.
Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium equations are used to...
Quantify allele frequency changes in a population over two generations.
Does gene flow increase or decrease variation in a population and why?
It decreases variation because there is increased mating within population and spreading of genes/traits.
Why is it important to quantify biodiversity in Environmental Science?
To see if humans are changing the biodiversity.
What is the difference between a monophyletic group of taxa and a polyphyletic group of taxa?
A monophyletic taxa all have a common ancestor while the polyphyletic taxa do not have a common ancestor.
How does biomagnification affect trophic levels?
Concentrations of substances increase as they go up in trophic levels.
What does the 10% rule limit?
How many organisms and trophic levels are in a system.
A population has 25 orange-beaked parrots and 5 red-beaked parrots. Red-beaks are recessive. What is q^2 and q for this population?
q^2 - .17, or 17% of the population
q - .41 or 41% of alleles in the population
What is the definition of genetic drift, and how can genetic drift lead to speciation?
The change of the frequency of an allele in a population due to random events that causes a loss of diversity.
The founder affect separates populations and limits gene flow.
How did the introduction of wolves in Yellowstone cause a trophic cascade? What were the effects of the introduction of wolves?
Wolves created a chain reaction of interactions that changed interactions between organisms that did not directly interact with wolves.
Why did carnivorous plants evolve in bogs, and why does this make them more susceptible to changes in water chemistry such as the addition of fertilizer?
Bogs have low nutrients and the organisms evolved to get extra nutrients elsewhere.
Explain how speciation occurs when referring to lessened gene flow and natural selection.
Speciation occurs as gene flow lessons and there is less mating between groups of organisms. Natural selection creates differences between the groups as mating decreases and differences increase. Eventually differences are too large between groups to have viable offspring.
Why is it important to understand what a species is, and what is one reason why it is difficult to classify species?
How do you know if a species is being affected or extinct, and there are hybrid species that cannot mate, there are extinct species that cannot mate.
What is an example of an irreversible consequence in environmental science?
Irreversible consequences are consequences that last over a human lifetime. Includes a species going extinct, killing old-growth forest, pollution of estuaries, atmosphere pollution.