Lenin & USSR Emergence
What was Lenin's slogan after returning to Russia in April 1917?
Peace, Land, Bread
Explain the purpose and impact of the purges.
Purpose = maintain single-party rule, terrorize opposition; impact = lack of safety, fear pervaded population, depletion of capable leaders
Explain two causes of Japanese expansion.
Ultranationalism/Japanese racial superiority; Great Depression; zaibatsu control of government & class inequality; militarism
Define Nazism
Nationalist German ideology seeking to undo ToV, reclaim German territory & lebensraum using military force, unite Germans (pan-Germanism), eliminate inferior races (Aryan >), & fascist - individual submission to state
The invasion of which country started WWII in Europe and when?
What was the 1905 event in which a peaceful crowd attemtped to petition the Tsar but soldiers opened fire on them?
Bloody Sunday
Define collectivization.
Organizing individual farms into large collectives where peasants all worked one farm run by government
How did the LoN respond to the Manchurian Crisis?
Commission investigated --> Lytton Report said Japan should leave Manchuria
What was the Phoney War?
Period of WWII Sept. 1939-Jun. 1940 after invasion of Poland before significant fighting
Which event caused the US to join WWII and when?
Pearl Harbor (Dec. 7 1941)
Explain at least two social/economic reasons why authoritarianism emerged in Russia.
Failure to industrialize & poverty in largely agricultural economy; essential serfdom even after emancipation in 1860s & major wealth inequality; inability to afford weapons & material in WWI -> mass deaths
Describe Stalin's foreign policy (at least 2 details)
Socialism in One Country (vs. international Marxism); prioritized safety of USSR, e.g. Nazi-Soviet Pact; wary of alliances in late 1930s
Explain the significance of Manchuria to Japan.
Geographically close & rich in resources (industry, minerals) -> first target for expansion
Describe the Abyssinian Crisis.
Italy invaded Abyssinia 1936 after Wal-Wal Incident to restore Roman Empire; LoN only passed economic sanctions & not oil embargo or Suez Canal restrictions - no significant response
The planned invasion of Russia was called what?
Operation Barbarossa
List at least 3 methods Lenin OR Stalin used to seize and maintain power.
Force (Cheka, the Civil War, murdering royal family); propaganda (Peace, Land, Bread); ideology (equality through Marxism); removal of opposition (single-party state of Bolsheviks, show trials & purges); charismatic leadership (Stalin @Lenin's funeral)
Explain 3 of Stalin's domestic policies.
5-year plans/industrialization; collectivization of agriculture; repression of religion; compulsory education; Socialist Realism; censorship; Stalin-worship/cult of personality/komsomol; Great Retreat of women's liberalization -> family focus
What were the zaibatsu and what is their significance?
Zaibatsu = families with monopolies, often held disproportionate seats in Diet. Symbol of economic inequality and concentration of wealth & power among the few, driving militarism among lower classes to improve economy
How did collective security end in Europe?
Abyssinian Crisis showed LoN was useless & only served Britain & France, which were unable/unwilling to interfere in aggression. Same with Manchurian Crisis in Japan. Continued with Hitler (Austria & Czechoslovakia)
List two major battles of WWII and their outcomes.
Battles of: Stalingrad, of the Bulge, D-Day invasion, Britain, Kursk, Okinawa
Explain the differences between the 1905 uprisings, February Revolution 1917, and October Revolution 1917.
1905: general strike led to October Manifesto & Duma. Feb. 1917: Tsar Nicholas abdicated & replaced by Provisional Govt. Oct. 1917: Lenin, Bolsheviks & Petrograd Soviets seize power.
Explain the left vs. right split in the Politburo over the NEP.
NEP= New Economic Policy under Lenin to liberalize economy. Left = Trotsky, want to abolish NEP & return to command economy. Right = Stalin, keep NEP because less disruptive
Explain the Japanese reasoning behind the attack at Pearl Harbor.
Describe the international response to German aggression 1933-38.
Appeasement - no response to remilitarization of Rhineland or rearmament. Anschluss allowed because Austria mostly German, was 'legal.' Munich Agreement allowed Sudetenland takeover (later all of Czechoslovakia). Hoping Hitler would be satisfied & stop expanding.
What decisions were made at the Yalta conference?
Establish UN; split Germany into 4 zones; USSR gets E. Poland; secret agreement for USSR to join war in Pacific in return for territory in Asia