Unit 1: Cells
Eukaryotic cells have this organelle. Prokaryotic cells do NOT!
Nucleus
Which macromolecule is the main energy source for the cell?
Carbohydrates (monomer or polymer of carbs is correct, too)
What is the function of the cell membrane?
Controls what goes in and out of the cell
Define homeostasis
The ability for your body to maintain stable internal conditions even when external conditions change
Which organelle is responsible for energy production?
Mitochondria
List two organelles that plant cells have that animal cells do not (two answers must be provided - it's all or nothing!)
2 out of the 4 must be mentioned:
Cell wall, centriole, chloroplast, vacuole
An example of a lipid
Any are correct: wax, oil, steroid
Describe the structure of a phospholipid AND how each side interacts with water
One phosphate head: interacts with water
2 fatty acid tails: does NOT interact with water (faces inward towards each other)
Negative: counteracts/reverses a change/stimulus
Positive: Intensifies the stimulus
List all 8 characteristics of life
Cells, Homeostasis Energy, Evolution, Reproduce, Grow, Genetic Material (DNA), Respond to stimuli
Put the following in order from smallest to largest:
atom (ex. carbon), cell, molecule (ex. glucose), organ, organ system, organelle
SMALLEST to LARGET:
Atom, molecule, organelle, cell, organ, organ system
The monomer of THIS POLYMER is made up of bases, sugars, and phosphates.
Nucleic Acids (or DNA/RNA is okay too)
A mouse drinks a highly concentrated salt water solution. Describe
a. what will happen to the mouse's cells?
b. which process (be specific as possible) is responsible for this?
c. What type of solution is the highly concentrated saltwater solution?
a. cells will shrink
b. osmosis
c. hypertonic
Receptor: Body part that detects change from set point
Effector: Body part that produces the response to return to set point
What is produced at the end of:
a. DNA replication
b. Transcription
c. Translation
What does the lysosome organelle do?
Which macromolecule does not have a monomer/polymer relationship?
Lipids
State TWO differences between active and passive transport
Passive: HIGH to LOW; NO energy
Active: LOW to HIGH; ENERGY required
*instead of HIGH/LOW - can say against or with concentration grade*
How does glucagon bring blood glucose levels back to set point?
Glucagon triggers the liver to release glucose from the stored glycogen
Describe what it means for DNA replication to be semiconservative
Each new DNA molecule formed is made up of one original strand and one new strand
Organelles in the cell work together to make, package, and modify proteins. Which three organelles work together to do this?
Ribosomes, Rough ER, Golgi Apparatus
**JUST ER is okay, but saying SMOOTH ER is incorrect**
Name one EXAMPLE of a monosaccharide/monomer and one EXAMPLE of a polysaccharide/polymer of carbohydrates
Monomer (any ONE): Glucose, Fructose, Galactose
Polymer: Starch, Cellulose or Fiber, Glycogen
List and describe the three types of solutions in which water moves by osmosis (must include movement of water in response)
Isotonic: Water/solutes are equal in and outside of cell
Hypotonic: More water outside of cell than in (or more solutes inside of cell than out)
Hypertonic: More water inside of cell than out (or more solutes outside of cell than in)
Describe
a. which molecule gets released when glucose is HIGH
b. the two things that happen as a result in order to bring glucose back to normal
a. Pancreas releases insulin, which
b. 1.)allows glucose into the cells and 2) excess glucose gets stored in liver as glycogen
(pancreas does not have to be included in answer but it's good to know!)
Correctly list and describe what occurs during each phase of the cell cycle (subphases of interphase do not have to be listed but main functions of interphase do have to be mentioned)
Interphase: growth, DNA replication, normal functions
Prophase: DNA condenses into chromosomes
Metaphase: Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell
Anaphase: Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite sides of the cell
Telophase: Nucleus splits into two
Cytokinesis: Cytoplasm splits and two cells are formed