Unit 9
Define self organization as it relates to the dynamic systems theory. (1 mark)
Individual can organize components of movement according to their environment and constraints.
Describe how athletes view a challenge with high mental toughness. (1 mark)
An athlete with high mental toughness will take a challenge as an opportunity to do good or face their problem instead of seeing it as a road block and giving up because it may be too difficult.
Outline when peak performance is achieved during the inverted U theory. (1 mark)
Peak performance is achieved when one experiences moderate levels of arousal.
Define glycogenesis. (1 mark)
The process of converting glucose into glycogen for storage in the liver and muscles - creation of glycogen.
Define need achievement theory. (1 mark)
Explains how personality and situational factors interact to influence motivation, emotions, and behavior in sports performance.
Distinguish between personal, task, and environmental constraints as it relates to the dynamical systems theory. (2 marks)
Personal: Is based off of body size, strength, flexibility, motivation, attention, emotions, etc. Something that is within that person that can have an affect on performance or execution.
Task: Rules, boundary, areas, equipment, ground areas, etc. Something within the rules or the game that can affect the performance or execution.
Environmental: Surface properties, presence of obstacles/people, wind, light, etc. Something outside the control of the person or the task/game that can affect the performance or execution.
Outline how higher perceived control can benefit an athlete. (2 marks)
- The athlete can cope better with the demands of the sport such as competition or training.
- They are more consistent with staying determined and being confident under pressure.
Describe 2 sources of stress in sport. (2 marks)
- Internal factors: Includes fear of failure, lack of confidence, and self doubt.
- External factors: Expectations from coaches, spectators or high stakes competitions
Distinguish between low glycemic index and high glycemic index. (2 marks)
Any of the following comparisons:
Low glycemic index: Carbohydrates foods with higher levels of fiber, digested slower and provide a steady release of glucose, or provide sustained energy levels during prolonged exercise
High glycemic index: Carbohydrates foods with minimal fiber and more sugar, digested rapidly and cause quick spikes of glucose, provide immediate energy for short bursts of intense exercise
Explain ingestion using an example of how it is important after exercise. (2 marks)
- Ingestion is when water and electrolytes are consumed by fluids and food.
- After exercise athletes need water and electrolytes in order to stay healthy and energized after working their body hard and losing water and electrolytes in the process.
Using an example describe linear approaches to learning in sport. (3 marks)
- Linear pedagogy: learning is broken down into basic step-by-step movements to help the learning process. Starts in the cognitive phase.
- Teacher/coach centered approach. Receives a lot of outside feedback.
- In volleyball, start out with basic passing drills with lots of feedback, then move onto setting, and then hitting. Learn each one at a time slowly.
Compare a maladaptive perfectionism perspective to an adaptive perfectionism perspective. (3 marks)
Maladaptive: Negative approach to high performance. It risks poor performance. There is burnout because of excessive exercise.
Adaptive: Positive approach to high performance. Working hard. There is less attention on external and internal critical cues.
Explain the 3 coping strategies used to deal with a stressor to lesson it's negative feedback. (3 marks)
- Problem focused: Trying to affect the situation to be a better outcome
- Emotion focused: Manage the emotional consequences of the outcome
- Avoidance coping: Disengaging from a stressful situation
State the steps of kidneys in osmoregulation. (3 marks)
1. Filtration
2. Reabsorption
3. Secretion and Excretion
List 3 coping skills and or strategies.
Any of these:
- Logical analysis and problem solving
- Information seeking
- Seeking social support
- Pre-performance routines
- Self talk
- Controlled Distraction
- Thought control
- Imagery
- Effort expenditure
- Relaxation Skills
List 4 of the controlled distraction techniques.(4 marks)
- Deliberate decisions
- Performance goals
- Trigger words
- Routines
- Mental Practice
Using an example explain a task and ego orientated athlete. (4 marks)
- Task orientated athlete: Define success based on personal improvement and effort.
- A track athlete who is more happy with a personal record and doing their best rather than winning.
- Ego orientated athlete: Define success based on others and outperforming their opponents. They rely on the validation of others.
- A basketball player only feeling good about themselves if they win or get the most amount of points scored for the game regardless of how they played.
Describe 4 ways to set an effective goal using the SMARTER framework. (4 marks)
Any of these:
S: Specific - Clearly define what you want to achieve
M: Measurable - Include criteria to track progress(quantitative)
A: Achievable - Set a goal that is challenging but realistic
R: Realistic - Ensure the goal aligns with your current abilities and resources
T: Time-bound - Set a deadline to create urgency
E: Evaluate - Regularly assess your progress
R: Review - Adjust the goal as needed based on your progress or changing circumstances
Discuss the 4 ways water and electrolytes leave the body. (4 marks)
1. Sweating: It is a process where water and electrolytes are lost to cool the body down.
2. Respiratory water loss(breath vapor): When one is breathing, there is moisture lost through water vapor from the air that is exhaled.
3. Urine excretion: The kidneys regulate water and sodium loss based on hydration. When there is higher hydration, there is increased urine production.
4. Fecal water loss: Some water is lost through feces and diarrhea leads to excessive electrolyte loss which causes dehydration.
Describe the types of attentional focus.(4 marks)
- Broad attentional focus: focusing on many different things at once in the competition or the environment.
- Narrow attentional focus: focusing on one or two things.
- External attentional focus: focusing on things outside of the body/in the environment around.
- Internal attentional focus: focusing on the things inside the body like thoughts and feelings.