Immune System
What are two external defenses?
Skin/Mucous/Hair/Ear Wax
Which immune response does a cytotoxic T cell belong to?
Cell Mediated Immune Response
The heart chambers that receive blood
Left and right atrium
The heart chambers that pump blood away
Left and right ventricle
Define STEM cell
A cell that has the ability to continuously divide and differentiate into various cells/tissues.
How is natural passive immunity transferred?
Breast Milk
What causes an anaphylactic shock?
A massive amount of histamine release at one time.
Which vein pumps oxygenated blood?
Pulmonary vein
Through what major artery is blood pumped through after leaving the left ventricle?
Aorta
What happens to the diaphragm when air is inhaled?
The diaphragm contracts (moves down).
During an infection, a ______ releases ______, which then results in inflammation.
Mast Cell. Histamine
What is the difference in antibody concentration after first exposure vs second exposure to an antigen?
The second exposure has a much larger antibody count due to memory B cells recognizing the antigen faster.
What is the difference between systole and diastole?
Systole is contraction, and diastole is relaxation of the heart in the cardiac cycle.
What is the name of the heart’s pacemaker? What node does it trigger?
SA node. It triggers the AV node.
What is the difference between a totipotent and a multipotent cell?
A totipotent cell can develop into a new individual, while a multipotent cell can only form a certain number of tissues.
Where are B and T cells developed?
B cells are developed in the bone marrow. T cells are developed in the thymus.
What cell is apart of both the Humoral Immune Response and the Cell-Mediated Immune Response?
Helper T cell
Why are the muscle walls of arteries larger than those of veins?
Arteries need the thick muscle wall to pump blood far away from the heart, and to withstand the pressure of the blood, while veins only return blood to the heart.
Relative to arteries and veins, what is the surface area, velocity, and blood pressure in capillaries? Why?
Very high surface area, very low velocity, and medium presssure to allow for the greatest amount of O2 and CO2 diffusion from the red blood cells to other body cells.
What is necessary for the sufficient diffusion of O2?
A large, moist surface area.
What is the role of an antibody?
An antibody is produced by plasma cells, and it binds to the receptors on the specific virus which slows and prevents the virus from moving and binding to other targets. This allows for a macrophage to come in and easily eat the virus.
Explain the function of a cytotoxic T cell.
The cytotoxic T cell identifies a specific antigen on infected cells, then binds to it. It then secretes perforin to lyse and kill the infected cells.
The name for the chronic blocking of arteries by plaques
Atherosclerosis
Describe two ways blood is helped back to the heart in veins.
The contraction of muscles in the skeletal system, along with gravity and valves to prevent backflow.
Explain how negative pressure breathing works
As air is inhaled, the air pressure within the lungs is low. The diaphragm and rib muscles contract, expanding the lungs and rib cage. When pressure increases in the lungs, air is exhaled and the diaphragm and rib muscles relax, pushing the air out.