Paper 1 (Bi et al.)
What brain region is most responsible for emotional responses?
The amygdala
What is an important symptom of bipolar disorder across mood phases?
Sleep disturbances
What two sleep characteristics are associated with unipolar depression? Hint: think total sleep time (TST) ect...
Reduced total sleep time and poorer sleep efficiency
What are the three main dysfunctions that characterize bipolar disorder? Hint: What types of processing
Emotional processing, Cognitive Processing, and Psychomotor dimensions
What sleep disturbances, characterized by difficulty falling/staying asleep and excessive sleepiness, are associated with episodes of depression in bipolar?
Insomnia and Hypersomnia
What two techniques did they use to differentiate between unipolar and bipolar depressions?
Polysomnography and Actigraphy
What is the name of the treatment that uses magnetic pulses to stimulate specific areas of the brain?
TMS (Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation)
During manic episode's, is their a heightened need for sleep or reduced need for sleep?
Reduced need for sleep
What are some challenges/risks in trying to use biomarkers to differentiate the two types of bipolar disorder?
It can lead to misdiagnosis, delayed treatment, and poor therapeutic management?
What DMN (Default Mode Network) structures are associated with bipolar disorder? Hint: it was a major finding of the paper
Frontal and Posterior DMN Structures
Based on the paper, does longer total sleep duration lead to more severe or less severe mania?
What do mood stabilizers (ex. lithium) as a treatment for BD focus on improving/fixing?
Circadian Rhythms
Which brain network is associated with emotional dysfunction in bipolar disorder?
The fronto-limbic network
What were some of the limitations mentioned by the paper?
Measures of sleep functioning did not account for sleep patterns and variability, medication regimens of patients were variable and changed, ect...
How do antidepressants work to improve depressive states for bipolar patients? Hint: What neurotransmitters do they effect and how do those effect sleep
They act on serotonergic and noradrenergic neurotransmitters which inhibit REM sleep