Simple distillation
What is distillation used for?
To separate a solvent from a solution / separate liquids based on boiling point
What is sublimation
The change of a solid directly into a gas, without becoming liquid first
What is filtration used for?
To separate an insoluble solid from a liquid
What is centrifugation used for?
To separate insoluble solids from liquids using spinning
What is magnetic seperation used for?
To separate magnetic materials from non-magnetic materials
In simple distillation, which part of the apparatus cools down the vapor into liquid?
The condensor
Name one substance that shows sublimation
Examples: iodine, dry ice (solid CO₂), ammonium chloride, naphthalene
What is the name of the liquid that passes through the filter paper?
The filtrate
Why does centrifugation work?
Because spinning causes denser particles to move outward and settle at the bottom
Name a material that can be separated using magnetic separation
iron, nickel, cobalt
Why do the liquids separate during distillation
Because they have different boiling points
During sublimation, what happens to the particles of a solid?
They gain enough energy to break free and become gas particles directly
What is the solid that remains on the filter paper called?
The residue
What is the solid collected at the bottom of the test tube called after centrifugation?
The pellet/ sediment
Why does magnetic separation work?
Because magnetic substances are attracted to a magnet while non-magnetic ones are not
What collects in the receiving flask during simple distillation?
The pure solvent
In the lab, how can sublimation be used to separate a mixture of sand and ammonium chloride?
Heat the mixture → ammonium chloride sublimes, leaving sand behind
Give an example of when filtration is used in everyday life.
Examples: making coffee, separating sand from water, using face masks to trap dust
What is the liquid above the pellet called?
Supernatant
Give one real-life use of magnetic separation
removing iron filings from sand, recycling industries to separate metals, mining to extract iron ore
Why is fractional distillation used instead of simple distillation when separating ethanol and water?
Because their boiling points are close together, and fractional distillation separates mixtures of liquids more accurately
Why does sublimation only occur in certain solids (like iodine or dry ice) but not in most others?
Because their intermolecular forces and vapor pressures allow them to go directly from solid to gas at normal conditions
Why doesn’t filtration work for separating salt from water?
Because salt is dissolved in water (a solution), so the particles are too small to be trapped by the filter paper
Give one example where centrifugation is used in real life?
Examples: separating blood into plasma and cells, separating cream from milk, in washing machines to remove water from clothes
Why can’t magnetic separation be used to separate salt and sand?
Because neither salt nor sand is magnetic