Show:
Basic Terms
DA vs. SMA
DE vs. SME
Differential Reinforcement
Wild Card
100
Contingencies involve behaviors that produce an environmental event, that subsequently increase the level of occurrence of that behavior under the same or similar conditions.
What is Positive Reinforcement
100
In the function-based diagnostic system, behaviors that are maintained because of positive reinforcement are termed ________ behaviors because they ________ positive reinforcers.
What is access and access?
100
In the case of a noisy movie theater, an individual verbally protests to the manager of the facility, who then gets the crowd to quiet down. This is an example of ________________ _______________ _______________ of negative reinforcement.
socially mediated escape
100
In a DRO program, the reinforcer is delivered ________ during which a given response has not occurred
What is period of time?
100
Reinforcing each occurrence of a behavior is called
What is continuous reinforcement?
200
The effect of the behavior is to terminate the existence of, or postpone (for some time) the presentation of, an aversive or unpleasant (relative to the individual) event. The subsequent effect of a _____________ ______________ contingency on behavior is one of increasing its probability under the same or similar conditions in the future.
What is Negative Reinforcement
200
"(2.3) SMA—Tangible Reinforcer Hypothesis" belongs under what major category in the function-based diagnostic classification system.
What is socially mediated access (SMA) to positive reinforcement.
200
What do you call if when escape behaviors achieve their effect of removing or postponing an aversive condition through the behavior of someone else?
What is socially mediated escape?
200
This is best determined by collecting baseline data for 4 to 5 sessions, then dividing the average frequency of the length of the observation period.
What is the inter-response interval?
200
Brendan tears up his worksheet in order to escape math. If his teacher sends Brendan to time out when he rips up his work, the teacher is __________________ Brendan's behavior.
What is negatively reinforcing Brendan's behavior?
300
Escape behaviors can function to produce termination of an aversive event (i.e., negative reinforcement operations) in two ways. They are:
What is directly escape (DE) and socially mediated escape (SME)?
300
The individual requests someone standing next to the refrigerator to hand her an apple. Note the manner in which the reinforcer (ingesting the apple) was gained. In this example, the requesting behavior is mediated by another person, so we refer to it as ____________ ____________ ____________ behavior.
What is socially mediated access (SMA) behavior?
300
These sub-categories belong under what category of the function based diagnostic classification system? (4.1) SME--unpleasant social situations (4.2) SME--relatively lengthy tasks/chores (4.3) SME--relatively difficult tasks/chores (4.4) SME--aversive physical stimuli/event
What is socially mediated escape of negative reinforcement
300
When do you have to reinforce the desirable alternative behavior at the beginning of the program?
What is delivered on a continuous schedule (1 to 1 ratio)
300
The strategic approaches that an FBA-based intervention can consist of include altering antecedent variables, teaching___ _____, and altering consequent variables.
What is alternative behaviors
400
A driver engages her seat belt (behavior). The seat belt buzzer stops buzzing (contingency produced). This increases the likelihood of the driver engaging her seat belt when the buzzer sounds (effect of contingency on behavior). This is an example of a maintaining contingency involving ___________ ______________.
What is negative reinforcement
400
An individual is hungry, goes to the refrigerator, opens the door, selects an apple, and eats it. This chain of behaviors produced the reinforcer (ingestion of the apple). We would not say that the individual exhibits those behaviors because of the attention someone gives to her, regardless of whether such attention is positive negative or neutral. Attention is a tangential consequent event. Getting the apple is the desired reinforcer. This is an example of ________________ ____________ to positive reinforcement.
What is direct access (DA)?
400
An individual walks into a noise room, finds the level of noise aversive, and subsequently walks out. The removal of the aversive stimulus (i.e., heightened noise level in the room) was terminated through a chain of behaviors ending in leaving the room. This is an example of ____________ _____________ of negative reinforcement.
What is direct escape (DE)?
400
Mario is a 7 year-old child with Autism. He does not like to hear people whistling and when he hears it, he always hits them. A behavior therapist teaches Mario to say, "Please stop whistling." The therapist whistles in front of him and when Mario says, "Please stop whistling", he immediately stops whistling; however, if Mario hits the therapist, the therapist continues whistling. What is this procedure called?
What is DNRA (differential negative reinforcement of alternative behavior or DRA-E (differential reinforcement of escape)
400
In _____________ observers record occurrences of the targeted problem behaviors and selected environmental events in the natural routine during a period of time.
What is ABC recording or descriptive functional assessment?
500
When Sam, an inpatient client with Schizophrenia, pinches others, after some duration and frequency, staff take him for a walk.
What is an example of a maintaining contingency involving positive reinforcement?
500
If a student says, “This is not fair, I never get a turn!” and the teacher gives the student a turn then the maintaining contingency according to the function based diagnostic classification system is __________ __________ _________ to ___________ reinforcement.
What is socially mediated access to, positive reinforcement
500
Colleen has a headache so she asks Ron if he would please give her some Tylenol. Ron gives her some Tylenol and within 20 minutes her headache is gone. This is an example of ___________ ___________ ____________ of ____________ ______________.
What is socially mediated escape of negative reinforcement.
500
Andrew does not like to hear the sound of a vacuum cleaner and always hits his head when he hears it. His mother turns on the vacuum cleaner and only when he is not hitting himself, she turns off the vacuum and gives him his favorite cookie. This is an example of ____
What is DNRO (differential negative reinforcement of other) or DRO-E (differential reinforcement of escape)
500
In the attention condition of an analogue functional analysis, “no attention” is the ______ and ____ is the reinforcer/consequence
What are antecedent and attention?