Causes of Bulbar Palsy
Autoimmune disease affecting the neuromuscular junction, leading to varying degrees of skeletal muscle weakness.
What is Myasthenia Gravis?
Common speech presentation.
What is nasal?
Long-term degenerative disorder of the central nervous system that mainly affects the motor system, with the most obvious symptoms being shaking, rigidity, slowness of movement, and difficulty with walking.
What is Parkinson's Disease?
facial expressions
What are absent?
Bilateral upper motor neuron disorder.
What is pseudobulbar palsy?
Neurodegenerative disease causing death of neurons controlling voluntary muscles, characterized by stiff muscles, twitching, and gradually worsening weakness due to muscular atrophy.
What is amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)?
*Will also accept Motor Neuron Disease or Lou Gehrig's Disease.
Differentiating feature from Myasthenia Gravis.
What is occular muscle sparing?
Motor neuron disease commonly beginning with weakness in the arms or legs, or with difficulty speaking or swallowing; about half of the people affected develop at least mild difficulties with thinking and behavior and most people experience pain and eventually lose the ability to walk, use their hands, speak, swallow, and breathe.
What is Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)?
*Will also accept Motor Neuron Disease or Lou Gehrig's Disease.
Common speech presentation.
What is spastic dysarthria? (Donald Duck / Hot Potato Speech)
Episodes of uncontrollable crying and/or laughing, or other emotional displays.
What are pseudobulbar palsy & emotional incontinence (the pseudobulbar effect)?
Infectious disease with the most common sign being a spreading area of redness on the skin (erythema migrans) that is usually neither itchy or painful.
What is Lyme Disease/Lyme Borreliosis?
Common tongue signs.
What are wasting, fasiculations, and inability to protrude?
Degenerative disease involving the gradual deterioration and death of specific volumes of the brain, leading to symptoms including loss of balance, slowing of movement, difficulty moving the eyes, and dementia.
What is Progressive Supranuclear Palsy (aka Steele-Richardson-Olszewski Syndrome)?
Common tongue signs.
What are spastic, pointed, difficulty with protrusion?
Condition in which cranial nerves IX, X, XI, XII may be affected.
Rapid onset muscle weakness caused by the immune system that damages the peripheral nervous system.
What is Guillain-Barre Syndrome?
Absent reflex.
What is the gag reflex?
Most common form of hereditary stroke disorder, belonging to a family of disorders called the leukodystrophies; the most common clinical manifestations are migraine headaches and transient ischemic attacks or strokes.
What is Cerebral Autosomal Dominant Arteriopathy with Subcortical Infarcts & Leukoencephalopthy (CADASIL) syndrome?
*Will also accept bilateral hemisphere infarction.
Exaggerated and possibly clonic.
What is the jaw-jerk reflex?
Palatal movement and gag reflex are absent.
What is bulbar palsy?
Genetic condition that is a debilitating neurodegenerative disorder, resulting in muscle cramps and progressive weakness due to degeneration of motor neurons in the brainstem and spinal cord.
What is Kennedy's Disease (Spinal and Bulbar Muscular Atrophy)?
Normal facial expressions.
What is sparing of the VIIth cranial nerve nucleus?
Neurological condition involving severe damage to the myelin sheath of nerve cells in the pons, characterized by acute paralysis, dysphagia, dysarthria, and other neurological symptoms.
What is Central Pontine Myelinolysis (CPM) / Osmotic Demyelination Syndrome?
Difficulty in chewing.
What is Vth nerve palsy?
Drooling, dysphagia, nasal regurgitation.
What is BOTH bulbar palsy & pseudobublar palsy?