Autoimmunity
This process deletes self-reactive B and T cells in bone marrow and thymus.
What is central tolerance (negative selection)?
This disease commonly presents with a butterfly rash across the cheeks and nose.
What is Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)?
The primary muscle responsible for elbow extension.
What is triceps brachii?
Failure of immune tolerance leads the immune system to attack these molecules of the body.
What are self-antigens?
Dry eyes and dry mouth due to autoimmune destruction of salivary and lacrimal glands describe this syndrome.
What is Sjögren syndrome?
This muscle initiates shoulder abduction for the first 15 degrees.
What is supraspinatus?
These immune cells suppress autoreactive responses in peripheral tolerance.
What are regulatory T cells (Tregs)?
SLE tissue injury is mainly caused by this type of hypersensitivity reaction involving immune complexes.
What is Type III hypersensitivity?
This muscle protracts and stabilises the scapula and is essential for upward rotation.
What is serratus anterior?
Hashimoto thyroiditis commonly produces antibodies against this thyroid enzyme.
What is thyroid peroxidase (anti-TPO)?
Antibodies against type IV collagen damage lungs and kidneys in this condition.
What is Goodpasture syndrome?
The four muscles forming the rotator cuff can be remembered with this mnemonic.
What is SITS? Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, Teres Minor, Subscapularis
This autoimmune disease causes hypotension, hypoglycaemia and hyperpigmentation due to destruction of the adrenal cortex.
What is Addison’s disease?
Difficulty in swallowing solid foods, decreased taste, cracks and fissures in mouth and dryness of buccal mucosa.
What is xerostomia? (clinical feature in Sjogren syndrome)
Upward rotation of the scapula during abduction primarily requires coordinated action of these two muscles.
What are trapezius and serratus anterior?