1
Where is the most common location for an ischaemic stroke?
Middle Cerebral Artery Infarction
What vertebral level does the spinal cord end at?
L1/L2
What is the first scan used for diagnosis/management of an ischaemic stroke?
CT (Non-contrast)
Where is the trigger zone located?
Axon Hillock
What is spatial summation
Summation of EPSP and IPSP to reach AP
Which horn of spinal cord grey matter consists of preganglionic sympathetic fibres?
Lateral Grey Horn
How do we diffrentiate between the intensity of a stimulus if there is no difference in magnitude?
Frequency of stimulus
Which part of the brain is responsible for coordinating fine motor movements, balance, and muscle tone? A) Basal ganglia B) Hippocampus C) Cerebellum D) Thalamus E) Corpus callosum
C
From which secondary vesicle does the cerebellum originate from?
Metencephalon
What type of Neuron is the fastest and why
(group a they have the largest diameter and heavily myelinated)
IPSP alone causes what change to membrane potential
Hyperpolarisation
Which of the following is NOT a function of the basal ganglia? A) Motor coordination B) Emotional regulation C) Cognitive control D) Visual processing E) None of the above
D
Damage to the basal ganglia is most commonly associated with which neurological disorder? A) Alzheimer's disease B) Parkinson's disease C) Multiple sclerosis D) Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) E) Epilepsy
A
The basal ganglia receives input primarily from the: A) Sensory cortex B) Motor cortex C) Visual cortex D) Auditory cortex E) Prefrontal cortex
B
The basal ganglia primarily plays a role in: A) Initiating voluntary muscle movement B) Maintaining posture and balance C) Processing sensory information D) Regulating the sleep-wake cycle
A
Which area of the brain is most susceptible to ischemia due to its limited collateral circulation? a) Frontal lobe b) Occipital lobe c) Hippocampus d) Watershed areas (border zones)
D
Why is apixaban and dabigatran used if ptx with AF for stroke prevention?
Because they both have reversal agents if required
Name 3 possible arteries (NOT including any in the circle of willis) where a large vessel can be occluded and cause a stroke?
Basilar artery, Internal Carotid, Vertebral artery
What is the difference between Group A and C fibres and provide an example for both?
Group A - extremely fast touching a hot plate (reflex) Group C - slow, unmyelinated chronic pain
A patient presents with sudden, severe headache, photophobia, and neck stiffness. Which type of cerebrovascular event should be suspected? a) Ischemic stroke b) Hemorrhagic stroke c) Transient ischemic attack (TIA) d) Cerebral venous thrombosis
Haemorrhagic stroke
What is the name for the region of brain tissue that remains viable and is recoverable with treatment in a stroke?
Penumbra
Which artery is commonly affected in a patient presenting with a "worst headache of my life" and subarachnoid hemorrhage due to a ruptured aneurysm? a) Middle cerebral artery (MCA) b) Anterior cerebral artery (ACA) c) Internal carotid artery (ICA) d) Circle of Willis
Internal carotid artery
What is the most important factor to assess when considering intravenous thrombolysis with tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) for an acute ischemic stroke patient? a) Time since onset of symptoms b) Family history of stroke c) Previous history of migraines d) Blood pressure at admission
Time since onset of symptoms
The middle cerebral artery (MCA) supplies blood to which important region of the brain? a) Brainstem b) Cerebellum c) Frontal and parietal lobes d) Occipital lobe
Frontal and parietal lobes
The Circle of Willis plays a significant role in: a) Draining cerebrospinal fluid from the brain b) Regulating blood pressure in the CNS c) Providing collateral circulation to the brain d) Controlling cerebral spinal fluid production
Providing collateral circulation to the brain