Hardened Shorelines
A fixed, vertical wall typically installed at or above the ordinary high water mark.
What is a bulkhead?
Living shorelines are a viable, less harmful alternative to THESE shorelines.
What are hardened shorelines?
The frequency of Hurricanes and THIS downgraded, less hazardous storm, are projected to successively increase as we near the second half of the century.
What is a tropical storm?
A sloping rock structure made of marl, granite, or concrete rip rap.
What is a revetment?
Living shorelines can preserve and enhance the services of...
What are coastal ecosystems?
Hardened shorelines effect shoreline habitats and THESE services that they provide.
What are ecosystem services?
A combination of a bulkhead and a rip rap revetment.
What is a hybrid structure?
Living shorelines often include THIS, which is typically constructed of marl, granite, or oyster shell and placed below the ordinary high water mark.
What is a sill?
Often the decisions about where and how to harden a shoreline are decided by...
What are private-property owners?
Property owners who install THIS shoreline believe higher costs are an acceptable trade-off for superior performance.
What are bulkheads?
There is limited information about living shorelines because most have been built within the last... (This span of time)
What is a decade?
Over 50% of the world's population will be living within 100 km of a coastline by the year 2050. This is an example of THIS attribute to coastal vulnerability.
What is growing coastal populations?
Amount of U.S. shoreline that has already been hardened.
What is 22,000 km (14%)
Similar to a living shoreline, this alternative shoreline has positive ecological effects while also showing better erosion prevention than hardened shorelines. (ex. planting)
What is a natural shoreline or natural marsh
The Prevention of natural, up-slope transgression of salt marsh and other productive shoreline habitats as sea-level rises.
What is a Coastal Habitat Squeeze?