Cellular Physiology
The ATP powered antiporter of these two ions is responsible for maintaining a key gradient that is used by cells throughout the body to transport various substances across membranes.
What are sodium and potassium?
This condition occurs when a coronary artery is blocked, leading to a "tombstoning" effect on the ECG.
What is a myocardial infarction? (heart attack)
Valve leaflets do not close completely, allowing blood to flow backward. This creates turbulent blood flow, creating an audible murmur.
What is regurgitation?
When this system is active, your pupils dialate, your heart rate increases, and your digestion slows down.
What is the sympathetic nervous system?
This type of diabetes has a greater genetic component.
What is Type II Diabetes?
Among its many crucial functions through the human body, this protein is responsible for maintaining the resting membrane potential of neurons at approximately -70mV.
What is a Na/K ATPase?
When this valve closes, the S1 sound is heard, and systole begins.
What is the mitral valve?
This variable is the most important and effective one the body uses to modulate resistance in capillaries.
What is radius?
Through the use of microtubule-containing structures and fluid secreting cells, this system helps to clear bacteria and particles from the conducting zone.
What is the muco-ciliary elevator?
The primary lymphoid organs, the site of hematopoiesis and lymphocyte maturation, are these two organs.
What are bone marrow and thymus?
Patients with this disease have a mutation in a chlorine transporter that leads to mucus accumulation in the lungs, impaired enzyme secretion from the pancreas, and salty skin.
What is Cystic Fibrosis?
This is the most numerous type of cell in the brain.
What are glia?
The sinoatrial node produces this electric signal to set the heart rate.
What is the funny current?
Regulates blood pressure through increasing sodium and water reabsorption, as well as thirst.
What is the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)?
If bile salts are not produced by this organ, you will have trouble digesting fats.
What is the liver?
When a motor neuron releases this neurotransmitter, your muscle will contract.
What is acetylcholine?
This part of your body regulates your temperature, hunger, and sleep. It is connected to the pituitary gland.
What is the hypothalamus?
The ratio between these two variables determines efficiency of gas exchange in the respiratory system. When their ratio (written in the conventional form) is near zero, it is called a shunt, i.e. pulmonary edema. When their ratio is very large, we can this dead space, i.e. pulmonary embolism.
What are ventilation (V) and perfusion (Q)?
This hormone is determines how much water is reabsorbed in the collecting duct. It is produced by the hypothalamus and is stored/released by the posterior pituitary gland.
What is anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) aka vasopressin?
A patient with this disease comes into your office, presenting with weight loss, anxiety, bulging eyes, and a mass in her neck.
What is Grave's disease? (autoimmune hyperthyroidism)
Loop diuretics work by blocking this channel on this portion of the nephron thereby decreasing sodium reabsorption.
What are Na/K/2Cl channels on the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle
This common illness can lead to "coca cola" urine and, if untreated, autoimmune destruction of cardiac tissue.
What is strep throat? (Group A strep, streptococcous pyogenes, Rheumatic heart disease)
These are the four main variables that determine rate of diffusion across any biological membrane.
What are thickness, surface area, concentration gradient, and permeability of membrane to molecule being diffused?
When activated, IgE antibodies attached to the surface of this cell are bound by antigen and crosslinked with each other. (For bonus 100 points, this activation causes the release of what hormone and what part of the antibody does the cell bind to?)
What is a mast cell?
A patient presents to your office with chronic diarrhea, a rash on her elbows, and a history of multiple fractures. When she eats bread, antigen presenting cells recognize part of it as foreign and present it to this type of cell, which in turn activates an immune response. (For bonus 100 points, what is this disorder?)
What is a CD4+ T cell?