Neuroanatomy
What 2 sets of nerves make up the peripheral nervous system?
Cranial nerves and spinal nerves
How is respiration connected to speech?
energy source for speech
How do the vocal folds vibrate?
Exhaled air!
What vowel creates an almost perfect tube in our vocal tract?
Schwa, the only neutral vowel
What is the source of our speech and what is the filter?
Source is VFs
Filter is VT
Which neurons carry messages from the outer world to the brain?
Afferent neurons (sensory)
Name both structures that allow the lungs to expand and contract
Intercoastal muscles and diaphragm.
name one of 2 things that happens when we increase subglottal pressure
Increase in Fo and intensity
What would cause F2 to raise in pitch?
Tongue is positioned more forward in mouth
(size of the oral cavity gets smaller)
Our fundamental frequency and our harmonics are created by what?
VFs (source)
The brain communicates the breathing, phonation and articulation necessary for speech production mainly through which kind of neurons?
Efferent neurons (motor)
What structure lays between the lungs and the larynx?
Trachea
How does the anatomy of the vocal folds help determine the fundamental frequency?
the more massive the VFs the lower the Fo
A widening of the pharyngeal cavity would result in what?
lower F1
Our vocal tract creates what?
extra 100 points: what is another term for them?
resonance
formants
What are the 4 lobes of the brain?
Frontal parietal occipital temporal
What does Boyle's law state?
As volume increases, pressure decreases (or vice versa, they have an inverse relationship)
What 3 things do the intrinsic muscles of the larynx do?
Open, close, and tense the VFs
What 3 terms are used to classify consonants?
Place, manner, voicing
Why can we still determine what speech sound a child is saying vs a large adult even when the fundamental frequencies, harmonics, and formants are vastly different?
The "ratios" between the formants are the same
(need only f1 and f2 to tell which sound is which)
What specific area of the brain is in charge of speech production?
extra 100 points: where is it (usually) located in the brain? (hemisphere and lobe)
Broca's area
frontal left lobe
What part of the brain signals respiration?
Medulla Oblongata
What is fundamental frequency? ie how is it determined?
the number of times the VFs are blown apart and come back together
How do consonants differ from vowels in articulation?
Vowels are a relatively open flow of air whereas consonants constrict airflow
When we whisper, what two things are missing in our speech?
Fo and harmonics
(because VFs are not vibrating, and VF vibration creates Fo and harmonics)