Exam 1+2 Review
What structural carbohydrates are composed in ADF?
Cellulose and Lignin
What are the three vitamins synthesized by rumen microbes?
Vitamins B, C, and K
T/F: Minerals and vitamins provide energy to the host
False
T/F: The lipid consumed by the ruminant matches the lipid absorbed by the ruminant.
False
What can hold their breath longer, a sloth or a dolphin?
Sloth
As a plant reaches maturity, what happens to NDF, ADF, and crude protein?
NDF and ADF increase
CP decreases
Vitamin D acts more like a _______ than a vitamin.
hormone
A deficiency in what mineral is the most common worldwide?
What is this deficiency called?
Iron
Anemia
Biohydrogenation relieves the rumen of excess _______.
hydrogen
What is the only planet that spins clockwise?
Venus
Every 225 Earth days, Venus travels around the sun, but Venus rotates clockwise once every 243 days
Where is bile secreted from and where is it stored?
Secreted by liver and stored in gall bladder
Toxicities rarely occur with what type of vitamins? Why?
Water-soluble vitamins (B and C)
They are not stored by the body! The kidney will filter excess out into the urine. (more important to be consumed daily)
What is hypocalcemia?
When and why does hypocalcemia occur in dairy cows?
Low calcium
Occurs during early lactation cows. They have a high demand for milk production, which requires a lot of calcium.
The cow can not absorb the amount of calcium needed to keep up with production. So, she begins to pull Ca from blood and bones to meet demand because SI can not absorb enough Ca.
Hydrolysis converts _______ --> _________
Biohydrogenation converts ________ --> __________
Hydrolysis: Lipids (Triglycerides) --> Free fatty acids
Biohydrogenation: Unsaturated fatty acids --> Saturated fatty acids
What is the real name of a hashtag?
octothorpe
Where does the hydrogen come from in the rumen, and what is it doing that is unfavorable?
Come from microbes breaking down CHO. The hydrogen is lowering pH, causing an acidic environment that is unfavorable.
What type of vitamins do we NOT need to consume on a daily basis and why?
Fat-soluble vitamins (A,D,E,K)
They can be stored in the liver and adipose tissue. Can be used when body fat is mobilized by the body.
What are the 3 hormones involved with calcium regulation?
What are their roles?
1. Vitamin D3 produced by the kidney
- Increases plasma Ca
2. PTH produced by parathyroid gland
- Increases plasma Ca
3. Calcitonin produced by the thyroid gland
- Decreases plasma Ca
What is isomerization, and when does it happen in relation to hydrolysis and hydrogenation?
Taking cis-oriented fatty acids and converting them into trans-oriented fatty acids. (Straightens them out)
Bacterial isomerases are responsible
Happens after hydrolysis but before hydrogenation. (It is a part of biohydrogenation)
Before toilet paper was invented, what did Americans use?
Corn cobs...
Microbes need ______ and _______ to synthesize more microbes.
ATP (energy)
Nitrogen (a functional component of amino acids)(proteins)
What are the fat-soluble and water-soluble vitamins?
Fat-soluble= A D E K
Water-soluble= B and C
What is phytate?
Which type of animals do we need to worry about phytate when feeding and why?
What can we do for these animals to combat phytate?
Phytate: Found in plants and binds minerals such as phosphorus, making them unavailable to the host unless they produce or are fed phytase.
Monogastrics can not break down phytate. Because they do not have the microbes to produce phytase. (Ruminants do)
We can feed monogastrics synthetic phytase, which breaks down the phytate and allows for the minerals that were once bound to be absorbed.
Detail lipid breakdown in ruminants and how does absorption occur?
Refer to slides
What letter doesn't appear in any state name?
Q