Exam 1 Review
What is developmental anatomy?
How structures change throughout the lifespan
What is skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands?
What are the functions of bones?
1. Support
2. Protection
3. Movement
4. Mineral Storage
5. Blood Cell Formation
6. Triglyceride Storage
What types of bones make up the hands?
Carpals, metacarpals and phalanges
What is a crest of a bone?
A narrow, prominent, ridge of bone.
What kind of feedback mechanism returns the body to homeostasis by inducing a response which amplifies the initial change/stimulus until the body reaches its natural conclusion?
Positive feedback
List and describe the roles of the 4 cells within the epidermis.
Keratinocytes: produce keratin that helps protect skin
Melanocytes: produce pigment melanin
Dendritic cells: activate immune system
Merkel cells: sensory receptors for touch
What are the 4 types of bones?
Long, short, flat and irregular
What are the regions of the spine?
Cervical (7), Thoracic (12), Lumbar (5), Sacral (5) and Coccygeal (4)
How would you describe greenstick fractures?
A solution is hypotonic, when water___ the extracellular space and water ____ the cell
Water leaves the extracellular space and enters the cell
What is an example of a nail discoloration or alteration that could mean a disease is present?
Thick, yellow- fungal infection
(Koilonchya) Concave, spoon nail- iron deficiency
(Beau's line) horizontal lines across the nail- severe illness
(Clubbing) Convex- Respiratory/cardio diseases
How do long bones grow?
Interstitial growth
What is the largest and strongest bone in the body?
What are functions of sebum?
Kill bacteria, soften the hair and soften the skin
What are isotopes?
Structural variations in elements which have the same number of protons and electrons but a different number of neutrons
What type of sweat glands become active predominately after puberty?
Apocrine glands
List and describe the bone cells.
Osteogenic- stem cells that differentiate into osteoblasts or bone-lining cells
Osteoblasts- bone forming cells
Osteocytes- mature bone cells that no longer divide and maintain bony matrix
Osteoclasts- bone reabsorption/breakdown
What is special about the hyoid bone and where is it located?
Toward the base of the tongue under the mandible
It's special because it's the only bone that does not directly articulate with another bone
Where in the body are apocrine glands located?
Armpits and anogenital
Body structures of the extremities which are located closer to the origination point or point of attachment on the trunk are directionally...
Proximal
What type of hair do newborns have?
Lanugo- soft, unpigmented hair
Explain Long Bone structure
Diaphysis is the long shaft
Epiphysis are the ends long bones
Bone marrow is within the bones and includes red and yellow
Periosteum is the double layered membrane covering the external surface
Endosteum is the delicate, internal membrane
What are the main sutures in the skull?
Coronal, sagittal, lamboid, and squamous
How long does each step of the fracture repair process take?
Hematoma- first few days
Fibrocartilaginous callus- 2/3 weeks
Bony Callus- 4/16 weeks
Bone Remodeling- 6/12 months