Pathogenesis/Drug Resistance
What is a pathogenicity island?
clusters of virulence genes with specific functions, often have GC content different from rest of genome, flanked by plasmid genes, and linked to tRNA gene
75% of all UTIs are caused by?
uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC)
What structure does light pass through directly after leaving the light source in a compound microscope?
diaphragm
What would the microbes that live beneath icebergs in the arctic be classified as?
psychrophiles
What enzyme is responsible for filling in the gaps after RNA primers are removed from Okazaki fragments?
DNA pol I
Which type of toxin is a part of the LPS in gram-negative bacteria that hyperactivates host immune systems to harmful levels?
endotoxins
Streptococcus pyogenes causes group A strep throat. However, if left untreated it can progress into which 3 diseases?
scarlet fever, rheumatic fever, strep toxic shock syndrome
What could be one possibility that would explain an error in which Gram-positive bacteria appear pink after a gram stain?
the iodine was not applied
the crystal violet was not applied
the use of oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor is what type of respiration?
aerobic
The genetic code is redundant meaning...
more than one codon can specify the same amino acid
To cause a disease, all pathogens must.... (5 things)
enter a host
find unique niche
avoid normal host defenses
multiply
transmit to new host
Infections of the cardiovascular system include:
*2 things*
endocarditis and septicemia
What were the challenges early taxonomists faced when attempting to classify microbes?
low resolution of the microscope and microbes are hard to define
What are the products of the transition step?
acetyl CoA
CO2
NADH
negative supercoiling is introduced by which enzyme?
gyrase
What are the two antibiotics that target the beta lactam rimg?
penicillins and cephalosporins
C. tetani causes which type of paralysis?
spastic paralysis
Which stain is used to diagnose tuberculosis?
acid fast stain
What are the "normal" growth conditions?
sea level
20-40 degrees
neutral pH (7)
0.9% salt
How are plasmids similar to chromosomes?
they both contain double-stranded dna
How does the antibiotic Actinomycin D work?
prevents the initiation step of transcription by binding to DNA from any source
What are the two main virulence factors in Neisseria meningitis?
thick capsule and type IV pili
Which organism did Koch use to propose his postulates?
Bacillus anthracis
Which type of fermentation produces acetate, formate, lactate, succinate and ethanol?
mixed acid fermentation
Which antibiotic is a folic acid inhibitor?
sulfa drugs