Neuroanatomy
The Middle Cerebral Artery is a branch that comes off of this blood vessel.
What is the Internal Carotid Artery?
The difference between Hyperopia and Myopia, and the lens you would use to treat both.
What is
Hyperopia: Far sighted; Use a + powered lens (convex)
Myopia: Near sighted; Use a - powered lens (concave)
The three most common Intellectual Disability associated genetic mutations.
What are Trisomy 21, Fragile X Syndrome, PKU?
The three chromosomal mutations that are associated with early-onset familial Alzheimer’s Disease.
What are APP (chromosome 21), PSEN1 (chromosome 14), PSEN2 (chromosome 1)?
All neuromuscular blockers are delivered via this method of administration.
What is intravenous (IV) administration?
The sensory pathway that controls proprioception and vibration.
What is the DCML?
The pathological mechanism of otosclerosis and its treatments.
What is a disease of bone remodeling; found only in the temporal bone? Causes conductive hearing loss by causing the stapes bone to be stiff and preventing it from vibrating properly
What are hearing aids and surgery?
The two brain structures that are bypassed in PTSD when a patient experiences a flashback or remembers the traumatic event.
What are the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex?
How you would describe a histological image of a grade IV tumor.
What are the presence of nuclear atypia + numerous mitoses + microvascular proliferation/necrosis?
The incomplete inhaled anesthetic.
What is nitrous oxide?
The fluid that flows through the subarachnoid space and surrounds the brain and spinal cord is produced by this.
What is the Choroid Plexus of the lateral, third, and fourth ventricles?
Risk factors for primary open angle glaucoma. (Name 4)
What are Intraocular Pressure (high IOP), Age (older), Race (African derived), Certain Eye Conditions, Steroids, Family History?
The major concern associated with prescribing patients with Major Depressive Disorder SSRIs.
What is the development of manic episodes?
(The patient should be carefully monitored)
The parts of the brain most and least vulnerable to epileptogenesis.
What are limbic structures such hippocampus and amygdala (most), and occipital cortex (least)?
PY2Y12 antagonist not dependent on CYP2C19 activity.
What is Ticagrelor?
The Lenticular Nucleus is composed of what structures.
What are the putamen and globus pallidus?
The temporal patterns that distinguish Acute Bacterial Rhinosinusitis vs. Acute Viral Rhinosinusitis:
What is ABRS: Symptoms persist > 10 days without improvement? Atypically severe or double worsening pattern (improve and then worsen). AVRS: Symptoms for <10 days, peak early then wane.
The main difference between schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder, and how it leads to classifying schizoaffective disorder subtypes.
What is in schizophrenia the patient often presents with flat mood/anhedonia, while in schizoaffective disorder that pt often experiences mood symptoms before the onset of psychotic symptoms, and as such mood symptoms comprise a great burden of the disease?
Bipolar Schizoaffective disorder
Depressed schizoaffective disorder
The classic triad of clinical features seen in myasthenia gravis.
What are proximal muscle weakness, autonomic dysfunction, and areflexia?
The 4 drugs approved for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease and their mechanisms of action.
What are Donepezil, Rivastigmine, Galantamine (cholinesterase inhibitors), and Memantine (an NMDA antagonist).
Hydrocephalus due to a blockage of CSF flow from a basilar obstruction can be caused by this.
What is a Chiari Malformation?
The difference between Preseptal and Orbital Cellulitis.
What is Orbital: Proptosis (protrusion of eyeball out of eye), limited motility, decreased vision, chemosis (swelling of conjunctiva), Usually due to sinusitis? What is Preseptal: Normal motility and vision, Usually due to URI?
The two pathways in the brain in which excess dopamine leads to positive and negative symptoms, and dopamine-inhibitors used in one pathway lead to improved symptoms.
What are the Mesolimbic and Mesocortical pathway?
Mesolimbic pathway- positive symptoms (improves with dopamine-inhibitor antipsychotics)
Mesocortical pathway- negative symptoms (worsened with dopamine-inhibitor antipsychotics)
Inhibiting lactate efflux through this long term memory related transporter (1) can be rescued by lactate injection, but inhibition of lactate influx through transporter (2) cannot be rescued by lactate injection.
What are MCT4 (Transporter 1) and MCT2 (Transporter 2)?
The dopamine pathway affected in the antipsychotic effects of antipsychotic drugs and the pathways underlying the other therapeutic uses/adverse effects.
Antipsychotic action in the Mesolimbic pathway. Other uses/adverse effects take place in the Tuberoinfundibular and Nigrostriatal pathways