Terminology/Lexicon
To understand a text/message is to build a meaningful and coherent representation of its conceptual content (Patrie, 2009 p. 6).
What is comprehension?
Taylor's (2002) research provides evidence that errors in ASL to English interpretation are caused, in part, by errors in _______ _________________ at the ___________ and _____________ levels. (Patrie, 2009, p. 25)
ASL comprehension at the lexical and discourse levels.
__________ are especially crucial in the larger picture of communication because individuals rely on these points to segment language stream into constituents, such as topics, phrases, and sentences that make discourse more comprehensible.
Why are boundaries important?
Interpreting relies on additional aspects of memory such as ______-______, intermediate, ______-______, kinetic, __________, Procedural, _______, and auditory memory.
Interpreting relies on additional aspects of memory such as short-term, intermediate, long-term, kinetic, episodic, Procedural, visual, and auditory memory.
What does STM stand for? What is another term for this?
Short-term memory.
Working memory.
Being aware of what you are signing and comparing that with the original message.
What is phonemic shadowing or immediate repetition?
The mental capacity to recall or recognize previously learned behavior or past experience.
What is memory?
____________ ____________ requires a sense of meaning conveyed not only by word choice, but also by phrases, sentences, paragraphs, and the entire text.
What is effective interpretation?
What is ASL Referencing?
Referencing is shown in several ways in ASL - eye gaze, body orientation, and indexing.
The three main modalities of information processing are _________, __________, and __________.
Visual, acoustic, and semantic.
This process refers to the amount or bits of information you can hold in your head at any given time and lasts for a few seconds or up to a minute, depending on the importance of the information in relation to you.
Working memory or Short-term memory(STM)
Regardless of the modality in comprehending the message, the process of immediate repetition or phonemic shadowing relies primarily on _____________.
STM or working memory.
Changing a message from the frozen form of one language to the frozen form of another language, is done over time.
What is Translation?
A complex process that requires a high degree of linguistic, cognitive, and technical skills; more than simply replacing a spoken word with a signed representation of that word.
What is Interpreting?
When signers change the direction of their torso to indicate taking turns is known as ____ __________ or ___________.
What is role shifting or characterization?
This information enters the memory as pictures or mental images, rather than sounds.
What is Visual information?
There are two key features of STM, what are they?
Attention and Registration.
De Groot's (1997, in Patrie, 2009, p. 66) seven reasons to point out the importance of phonemic shadowing.
When you can watch and sign at the same time without being distracted due to high concentration levels.
1. The interpreter is not distracted by their own signing during the process.
How a language is expressed; specifically aural/oral or visual.
What is Modality?
The types of settings in which Consecutive Interpreting is used.
What are one-on-one or small-group settings?
(Such as witness testimony, doctor's appointments, meetings with social workers/counselors, etc.)
The order from the most to the least amount of processing time used in the three main forms of "interpreting".
What are Consecutive Interpreting, Simultaneous Interpreting, then Transliteration?
This information coding enters as inner voice or subvocal sounds.
What is Acoustic coding?
This process allows you to focus on whatever you are concentrating on at the moment.
What is attention?
De Groot's (1997, in Patrie, 2009, p. 66) seven reasons to point out the importance of phonemic shadowing.
The interpreter can grasp the larger meaning of the message while still being able to break the message down into smaller chunks for processing.
3. There is an ability to simultaneously perform a synthesis and segmentation.
The time used by the interpreter to complete an analysis of the SL message before producing an equivalent message in the TL.
What is Processing Time?
ASL discourse comprehension refers to the ability to grasp and convey this _______ ___________ or _________. (Patrie, 2009, p.25)
What is the 'big picture', meaning?
Characteristics for appropriate assignments for new interpreters.
What are preparation time, less turn-taking, less complex material, and not highly emotive situations?
(Parent-Teacher Conferences, One-on-One encounters, Lectures/Presentations; ~if about familiar or accessible topics)
When accomplished in an interpretation; the speaker's intended goals, impact, and level of audience involvement is the same for all audience members, regardless of which language they receive the message.
What is Dynamic Equivalence?
What is registration?
De Groot's (1997, in Patrie, 2009, p. 67) seven reasons to point out the importance of phonemic shadowing.
The ability to check one's own work while interpreting with heavy practice of repetition.
5. Ability to monitor the accuracy of output.
___________ ____________ means to say or perform again without delay. This practice begins when a listener can begin processing what they have seen. ___________ _________ means to say or perform again with a delay. This practice is characterized by an enforced delay before the process begins. It could be a short time interval or an idea unit.
What is Immediate Repetition and Delayed Repetition?
Taylor's (2002 in Patrie 2009, p.25) taxonomy of comprehension errors at the discourse level includes seven areas in which she discovered miscomprehensions of ASL.
What are these seven areas of miscomprehensions of ASL?
1. ASL Facial Grammar above the nose
2. Referencing
3. Spatial referencing
4. Utterance boundaries
5. Miscomprehensions resulting from changes in the signer's hand dominance.
6. Regional variation in signing
7. Speed of signing.
When the signer wants to discuss the interaction between two people, or between two people and things, each person or thing must be identified and located in the space first.
What is this process called?
What is indexing?
This is achieved through obtaining information, such as from reading a book or listening to a lecture.
What is semantic encoding?
This process primarily results from experiences and events and relies on sensory input of sound, sight, smell, and touch.
What is episodic memory?
De Groot's (1997, in Patrie, 2009, p. 67) seven reasons to point out the importance of phonemic shadowing.
The ability to consciously monitor the processing time in relation to the speed of the incoming message.
6. Ability to monitor distance (lag time) behind the source message.
A 1._________ is defined as a model or original used as an archetype or a model to be followed in making things.
An 2._________ means the act of deriving logical conclusions from information known to be true or reasoning from factual knowledge or evidence.
The two types of 1.___________ 2.__________ are word-level and phrase-level.
What is Pattern Inference?
Raised eyebrows indicate yes-no questions, this marker is sometimes misunderstood as what? (not wh-q).
Topicalization
If a person is referred to in the right of the signing space and the house is referred to in the left of the signing space, later, the signer can reassign the spaces of the person or the house.
What is this process called?
What is reconstructed space?
Scheweda-Nicholson (1996, in Patrie, 2009, p. 50) points out that long-term memory has two broad categories. 1._____________ memory and 2._______________ memory.
1.__________ memory is used to perform actions like rollerblading, riding a bike, cooking, etc.
2. ___________ memory allows a person to remember concepts. This is further divided into episodic and semantic memory.
What are procedural and propositional memory which are the two broad categories of long-term memory?
This process allows you to remember specific information such as facts you learn from a book. These are accumulated over time and experiences.
What is semantic memory?
De Groot's (1997, in Patrie, 2009, p. 67) seven reasons to point out the importance of phonemic shadowing.
Ability to ignore the aspects of the environment that do not relate to the interpreting process.
7. Interference can be attended to or filtered out.