Cellular Regulation
Often described as "A disease of aging"
Cancer
The oldest form of cancer treatment. It may have several therapeutic goals.
Surgery. Goals may be: Prophylaxis, diagnostic, curative, debulking, palliative, reconstructive, or a combination
This oncological emergency is an electrolyte disturbance that may be caused by bony metastasis or section of parathyroid hormone into the blood.
Hypercalcemia
This is the standard for breast cancer screening for average-risk women
Mammography
The process of obtaining tissue for examination
Biopsy
Benign & Malignant
This common adverse effect of chemotherapy and radiation includes signs and symptoms of: Prolonged bleeding, bruising, fatigue, and increased risk for infection
Bone Marrow Suprresion
*Consider Assessments, Interventions, & Client Teaching
Start at Slide 46
This oncological emergency may start with back pain. As it progresses, significant motor and sensory deficits may occur
Spinal Cord Compression / Malignant Spinal Cord Compression
The difference between a simple and radical mastectomy
Lymph nodes remain following simple surgery and are removed in a mastectomy.
*The modified aspect of the radical mastectomy refers to chest wall muscles
This intervention is essential for the oncological emergencies of Tumor Lysis Syndrome and Hypercalcemia and it contraindicated for SIADH
Hydration / Fluids
Mechanisms include: Bloodbourne, Local Seeding, and Lymphatic
Metastasis
Describe how IV Chemotherapy is administered and by whom
In this Oncological Emergency, tumors produce (or stimluate the production of) excess amounts of a particular hormone resulting in significant issues in the body including: Changes in LOC, weakness, fatigue, and cramps.
Syndrome of Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH)
These genes are associated with early and aggressive forms of breast cancer. It is also associated with ovarian cancer, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, and others
BRCA1 and BRCA 2
National Institute of Health: National Cancer Institute:
Infection (WBCs)
Anemia (RBCs)
Bleeding (Platelets)
These cause dysregulated promotion of cells and can lead to neoplastic tissue growth. Examples include: Sunlight, Air Pollutants like tobacco smoke, Asbestos, Heavy Metals, Ionizing Radiation, Alcohol, Processed Meats, and certain pathogens like HPV and EBV
What are Carcinogens (or cancer promoters)
These are the 3 key elements of Radiation Safety. This includes radiation from CT scanners and XRay.
Time, Distance, and Shielding
This oncological emergency is characterized by a physical obstruction that results in venous engorgment of the head, neck, and upper extremities. This results in flushing, swelling, and SOB.
Superior Vena Cava Syndrome
Approximately how long will a child receive therapy for leukemia?
Girls: 2 years + 2 months
Boys: 3 years + 2 months
The nurse implements neutropenic precautions for a client with an absolute neutrophile count (ANC) of less than this value
500 (neutrophiles/microliter)
This is corraborated by the NIH subdivision: National Cancer Institute
https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/absolute-neutrophil-count
2. Poorly Differentiated
3. Able to Metastasize
4. Recurrence is possible
5. Moderate to Marked vascularity
6. Growth is infiltrative and expansive
7. Cell Characteristics are unlike parent cells.
Mucositis can be a distressing adverse effect of cancer treatments. Identify 5 things clients, their caregivers, and nurses can do to improve client outcomes (e.g. comfort) related to mucositis
Soft bristle tooth brush
Avoid alcohol mouthwash
Swish and Spit room temp tap water (or saline or baking soda water) QID and prn
Use topical and PO analgesics
Water-based moisturizer for lips
Avoid Tobacco & Alcohol
Avoid Spicy, Salty, Dry, Rouch, Acidic, and Hard foods
Mitigate burn risk / Use caution
Keep dentures clean and well fitting
Monitor and report sores.
Slide 45
Tumor Lysis Syndrome
For children with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia, this is the WBC value that serves as a prognositc indicator
50,000
Better prognosis is <50,000, ages 1-9, and female
This medication may be given to stimulate the production of white blood cells.
Filgrastim (Neupogen)