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List three symptoms of Malaria
Fever and flu-like illness, including shaking chills, headache, muscle aches, and tiredness. Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea may also occur.
List two groups who are at highest risk from malaria
Pregnant women
young children
Immunocompromised
Drug class of Methicillin
Beta lactam antibiotic
List 3 vaccines you might get before travelling?
COVID-19
Chickenpox
Cholera
2Flu (Influenza)
Hepatitis A
Hepatitis B
Japanese encephalitis
MMR (Measles, Mumps, Rubella)
Meningococcal
Pneumococcal
Polio
Rabies
Shingles
Tdap (Tetanus, Diphtheria, Pertussis)
Typhoid
Yellow fever
This type of virus is ( naked or enveloped )
- more stable in face of environmental stress
- spreads more easily
-survives in the gut, poor water treatment
Naked virus
Incubation period of Malaria?
Varies from 7-30 days (in most cases)
List two ways of preventing malaria.
Protection against mosquito bites include the use of mosquito bed nets, the wearing of clothes that cover most of the body, and use of insect repellent on exposed skin.
2 viruses that infect by ingestion?
Norovirus, rotavirus, hepatitis A and E
What different shapes do viruses come in? List 3
Icosahedral, spherical, filamentous, helical, irregular
Define Burst size
Number of new virions released from a host cell
Explain how haemolytic anaemia occurs in Malaria.
Merozoites infect RBC's + multiply. At the end of the infection cycle, red blood cell ruptures, leaving merozoites to infect further cells. This process lowers the amount of red blood cells and can in a severe stage cause severe anemia.
List two reasons why Africa is high risk for Malaria
very efficient mosquitoes, predominant parasite species is P. Falciparum that leads to more severe malaria, warm and humid climate allowing transmission to occur all year round and lack of resources + poor socioeconomic to control.
Drug class of Oxytetracycline
30s inhibitor, broad-spectrum antibiotic
Define Zoonoses
Diseases transmitted from animals to humans
HIV, Hep B, Herpes simplex virus
Mechanism of action of quinolones?
Inhibit DNA replication
Which Plasmodium species causes the most malaria deaths?
P. Falciparum
What virus spreads via cutaneous contact?
human papilloma virus
HIV is a ......... (naked/enveloped) virus
Enveloped
Cells that are the target of HIV
CD4+ T cells
Describe the lifecycle of the malaria parasite
1) infected anopheles mosquito inoculates sporozoites into the human host
2) sporozoites infect liver cells
3) in the liver, sporozoites mature into schizoints, which rupture and release merozoites
4) merozoites infect NBCs and undergo asexual reproduction
5) ring stage trophozoites mature into schizoints, which rupture and release merozoites
6) some parasites differentiate into sexual gametocytes
7) gametoxytes are ingested by anopheles mosquito during blood meal - generate
zygites in stomach
8) Male and female gametocytes fuse and form a fertilised motile zygote, which
developer into new sporozoites and migrate to the insects salivary glands.
List the 5 Plasmodium species that cause malaria in humans
Drug class of Trimethoprim
Function of hemagglutinin
One of the enzymes found on the surface of the Influenza virus. It is responsible for binding the virus to the cell that is being infected.
What type of virus is Hep C?
+ssRNA