Bone Growth & Maintenance
The two substances from an osteoblast that come together to form bone, and the scientific name for them "coming together."
What is hydroxyapatite, osteoid, and calcification?
The definition of osteoporosis.
What is the decrease in the number of osteocytes?
The function of melanin.
What is to absorb ultraviolet rays?
All five functions of the integumentary system that are important to physiology.
What are protection, production of vitamin D, temperature regulation, excretion of nitrogenous waste, and sensory functions?
The three areas of the skin that are each individually representative of 18% of the body (regarding burns).
All 4 zones at the epiphyseal plate of long bones, from the zone closest to the epiphysis to the zone closest to the diaphysis.
What is the zone of resting cartilage, zone of proliferation, zone of hypertrophy, and zone of calcification?
The two diseases that decrease the hardness of bone, and the cause of it.
What is osteomalacia/rickets and a lack of vitamin D (needed for hydroxyapatite production)?
All four ways the skin protects us.
The reaction of blood vessels in the dermal layer to an increase and decrease in body temperature, and where blood goes as a result of each.
What is a dilation of blood vessels in response to an increased body temperature, which diverts blood toward the skin surface, and a constriction of blood vessels in response to a decreased body temperature, which diverts blood away from the skin surface?
Both names of the skin condition characterized by increased sensitivity to a trigger, inflammation, pruritus, and a quick onset and disappearance.
What is urticaria/hives?
The type of cell that promotes bone destruction, the two substances that it secretes, and what specific part of bone those substances destroy.
What is the osteoclast, which secretes enzymes that digest collagen/osteoid and acid that dissolves hydroxyapatite?
All 4 causes of osteoporosis.
What is chronic low blood calcium levels, aging, hormonal imbalance, and lack of vitamin D.
The two reasons that UV rays are harmful to people and why.
What is the fact that UV rays are ionizing radiation and that UV rays increase the production of free radicals, which are damaging to DNA, proteins, and membranes?
Respectively, the type of sensory receptors that respond to light pressure (three), deep pressure, skin stretch, and pain.
What is hair, Merkel's disk, Meissner's corpuscle, Pacinian corpuscle, Ruffini's corpuscle, and free nerve endings?
The skin condition that is mostly found around children's mouths caused by a bacteria.
What is impetigo?
The activity of a chondrocyte as it moves through the zones of the epiphyseal plate, including what they secrete.
What is first randomly arranged, then arranged in columns while secreting collagen & proteoglycans, then mature while still secreting those as well as calcium phosphate, then calcify and die?
Four things that might be used to prevent osteoporosis and why.
What is exercise (promotes bone production), proper nutrition (enough vitamin D and calcium), biphosphonates (block osteoclast activity), and hormone replacement therapy (restore low hormone level)?
The chemical reaction that is undergone to create melanin and the type of cell it occurs in.
What is the conversion of tyrosine into dopamine by the enzyme tyrosinase, and then the subsequent reactions to turn dopamine into melanin in the melanocyte?
The ions in sweat that, if uncharacteristically high, can be used to diagnose cystic fibrosis and the name of the diagnostic test.
What is Na+ and Cl-, through the Pilocarpine sweat test?
The skin condition that can be treated with immunosuppressant mediations that causes red lesions with silvery scaling.
What is psoriasis?
All 3 factors that affect bone growth/maintenance, at least one specific example of each, and how that example affects bone.
What are hormones (growth/thyroid hormone-production, estrogen/testosterone- production, parathyroid hormone- resorption), nutrition (calcium- calcification, vitamin D- absorption of Ca, vitamin C- synthesis of collagen), and exercise (stress on bones- production)?
The key ages in peak bone mass production, and how much bone you have/loose at that age.
What is puberty (increase in bone production), 20 (have 90% of bone mass), 30 (peak bone mass), after 30 (1% loss per year), 50 (females have menopausal bone loss- 3% loss per year)
The amount of protection from UVB SPF 15, SPF 30, and SPF 50 gives someone.
What is 93% protection from SPF 15, 97% protection from SPF 30, and 98% protection from SPF 50?
The three chemical reactions undergone to produce the most biologically active form of vitamin D, and where each reaction occurs.
What is the conversion of 7-dehydrocholesterol into cholecalciferol (stratum basale), then the conversion of cholecalciferol into calcidiol (liver), then the conversion of calcidiol into calcitriol (kidney)?
The three conditions covered in this class caused by a virus, and the name of the virus that causes them.
What are warts (human papillomavirus- HPV), shingles/herpes zoster (varicella zoster virus), and herpes (herpes simplex virus- HSV)?