Overview
Name 5 bone shapes found throughout the body (*Bonus for examples)
1. Flat bone (scapula)
2. Long bone (femur)
3. Irregular bone (vertebrae)
4. Short bone (carpals)
4. Sesamoid bone (patella)
(Examples are not restricted to the ones above)
_____ breaks down bone while _____ produces new bone
Osteoclasts/Osteoblasts
List the 5 cranial bones
Frontal
Parietal
Temporal
Occipital
Sphenoid
List all the appendicular bones
Clavicle
Scapula
Humerus
Radius
Ulna
Carpals
Metacarpals
Pelvic girdle (pelvis)
Femur
Patella
State the difference between tendons and ligaments
Tendons connect bone to muscle while ligaments connect bone to bone
List three functions of the skeleton system (*Bonus for describing functions)
The response could include 3 of the following:
1. Support = bearing the weight of the body
2. Movement = joints provide movement for bones
3. Protection = encasing vital organs
4. Storage = Storage of fat in yellow bone marrow/storage of minerals that are released into the bloodstream
5. Manufacturing = hematopoiesis
Where does muscle attachment and bone repair occur?
The outer layer of bone made of tough connective tissue called the periosteum
Explain why there are primary (convex) and secondary (concave) curvatures of the spine
The convex and concave curvatures allow for better balance and distribution of weight throughout the body
The hip bone is formed by the fusion of what 3 bones?
- Ilium
- Ischium
- Pubis
What synovial joints are used when kicking a soccer ball? (*Bonus for what bones are used)
- Ball and socket joint
- Gliding joint
- Hinge joint
*Bones = femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges
What is the bone comprised of?
35% of the bone is made of osteoid and 65% is made of hydroxyapatites/mineral salts
What is the function of canaliculi?
Canaliculi connect osteocytes and allow them to receive nutrients and remove wastes.
Name 3 bony landmarks of the sternum from inferior to superior
1. Xiphisternal joint
2. Sternal angle
3. Jugular notch
Why can the shoulder be easily dislocated?
The shoulder can be easily dislocated due to the shoulder girdle being very light and allowing the upper limb to have free movement
Name 2 synovial joints found in the arm and state the exact location.
Two joints found in the arm are the condylar joint, found in the wrist, and the saddle joint, found in the thumb.
What are the two hormones released for bone homeostasis and how do they regulate Ca2+ levels?
Calcitonin and Parathyroid Hormones (PTH) can help regulate bone homeostasis. Calcitonin helps decrease Ca2+ levels when they are too high by triggering Ca2+ in the blood to be absorbed into the bone. Parathyroid Hormones (PTH) help increase Ca2+ levels when they are too low by triggering osteoclasts to break down bone to release Ca2+
Name key difference in structure between spongy and compact bone
Spongy bone contains large spaces, made up of trabeculae, while compact bone is made of column-shaped osteons
Describe the styloid, zygomatic, and mastoid process bone markings
Styloid process = A needle-like projection, inferior to the external auditory meatus, which many neck muscles use as an attachment point
Zygomatic process = thin bridge of bone that joins with the cheekbone anteriorly
Mastoid process = full of air cavities that provide attachment for other neck muscles
The area where hip bones fuse to form a cartilaginous joint called the
Pubic symphysis
Name and describe 3 structural types of joints
1. Fibrous joints = immovable/slightly movable and held together by connective tissue
2. Synovial joints = highly moveable and contain synovial fluid
3. Cartilaginous joints = immovable/slightly movable and held together by cartilage
Explain how a broken bone is repaired with a descriptive explanation.
1. Hematoma forms; the blood enters the wound and phagocytes ingest dead bone cells and debris.
2. Callus forms; cartilage forms to hold the bone together
3. Callus ossifies; spongy bone forms to replace the cartilage
4. Compact bone forms; osteoclasts form a medullary cavity and spongy bone is converted to compact bone.
Explain how bones develop from embryo to adolescence
Initially, the embryo's skeleton is made of cartilage. Later in embryo development, osteoblasts begin to secrete mineral deposits that replace the cartilage and mature into osteocytes. This process is known as ossification, incorporating calcium and minerals into cartilage to become bone. Primary ossification occurs during fetus development and secondary ossification occurs during childhood/adolescence.
What bone has a small depression to hold the pituitary gland in place and allows fibers of cranial nerve V to pass to the chewing muscles? (*Bonus for naming which cranial bone it is located on)
Sphenoid bone, located on the occipital bone
What connects the radius and ulna?
Connected by a flexible interosseous membrane at radioulnar joints
Why are there fewer synovial joints on the axial skeleton than on the appendicular skeleton?
The axial skeleton contains vital organs which need to be protected from movement. Fibrous and cartilaginous joints help with this function by being immovable/slightly moveable, keeping organs from being damaged.