Bone Structure
A 16-year-old athlete suffers an injury that damages the cartilage area between the shaft and end of his femur, affecting the bone’s ability to grow longer. What did he damage?
What is Epiphyseal plate?
A bone biopsy shows star-shaped cells trapped in small chambers within hardened matrix, maintaining bone tissue. What are they?
What are osteocytes (located in lacunae)?
A fetal skull forms directly from sheet-like connective tissue without first developing a cartilage model. What is this called?
What is intramembranous ossification?
After a fracture, osteoblasts deposit new bone to strengthen the injured area. What is this called?
What is bone remodeling (osteoblast deposition)?
A surgeon removes a tumor from the hollow central chamber of a long bone where blood cell production occurs. What is it called?
What is Medullary Cavity?
A pathologist observes tiny hair-like channels connecting bone cells, allowing nutrients and oxygen to move between them despite the hard surrounding matrix. What are they?
What are canaliculi?
A patient with low blood calcium levels releases parathyroid hormone, stimulating bone breakdown to raise calcium concentration in the blood. What cell does this?
What are osteoclasts (release stored calcium from bone)
A child’s skull has a soft spot, allowing the head to compress during birth. The area later ossifies. What is...
What is the advantage of fontanels during skull growth?
An infection damages the tough outer connective tissue covering a long bone, disrupting the attachment of tendons and ligaments. What is this called?
What is Periosteum?
A researcher notes that the hardness of bone tissue is significantly reduced after minerals are removed, even though the protein framework remains intact. (what minerals)
What are inorganic salts (primarily calcium phosphate)?
An elderly patient’s long bone cavities are found to be filled mostly with fatty tissue rather than blood-forming cells. What is it?
What is yellow bone marrow?
A postmenopausal woman suffers multiple fractures. Lab tests show low estrogen, high osteoclast activity, and reduced bone density. She also has low calcium intake. What is wrong with her?
What is osteoporosis caused by hormonal deficiency and calcium insufficiency?
During surgery, a physician must avoid damaging the thin cellular lining inside the shaft’s hollow chamber, as it plays a key role in bone growth, repair, and remodeling. What is the lining called ?
What is the endosteum?
An injury blocks the transverse vascular connections between adjacent structural units of compact bone, limiting shared blood supply. What is it blocking?
What are perforating (Volkmann’s) canals?
After severe trauma to the thorax, a physician is concerned about injury to organs normally shielded by the rib cage and shoulder girdle. What organs are encased?
What are the heart and lungs?
A patient’s calcium is extremely low. Parathyroid hormone is elevated, stimulating osteoclasts. Meanwhile, calcitonin is suppressed, and bone is broken down to restore calcium levels. What does this represent?
What is hormonal regulation of calcium by osteoclast/osteoblast activity?
When a child's bone is fractured, growth may be stimulated by the epiphyseal plate of that bone. What problems might this growth cause in upper/lower limbs before the growth of the other limb compensates for the difference in length?
Uneven growth/unbalanced stress on one side etc.
In osteoporosis, thinning of the branching internal plates of bone reduces support while maintaining the same outer shape. What are the inside plates?
What are trabeculae of spongy bone?
A child’s long bone stops increasing in length after the cartilage band between the shaft and ends becomes fully ossified. What is this called?
What is ossification of the epiphyseal plate during endochondral ossification
An elderly patient suffers vertebral compression fractures. Imaging shows reduced trabeculae density and thinning cortical bone. Exercise therapy is recommended to improve bone strength. Why?
What is stress-induced remodeling to restore bone density? Exercise promotes stress on bones, causing osteoblasts to build up more compact bone, strengthening bone structure.